VISION(English) vision) - the ability to receive and extract information about the world from the energy of electromagnetic radiation in the light range; a complex set of processes in the visual system, starting with the transformation of light energy into photoreceptors and ending with visual sensations And perceptions. The visible part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation is considered to be a band with wavelengths approximately ranging from 380 to 760 nm. Z.'s development is closely related to the improvement of the functions of the c. n. With. As a means of cognition, vision has reached its greatest development in humans, where it provides over 90% of all information about the world around us.

The human visual system is divided into: 1) peripheral section- an eye (a pair of eyes), with its optical system, external eye muscles and receptor apparatus - the retina (retina, retina); 2) afferent pathways(optic nerves and tracts, Graziole radiance), 3) subcortical centers(lateral geniculate bodies, superior colliculus, etc.); 4) visual centers cerebral cortex (17th, 18th and 19th Brodmann areas). The visual system includes efferent visual pathways providing eye movements. The visual system is under the activating influence of the reticular formation of the brain. Of great importance for Z. are optical system of the eye(cornea, or cornea, pupil and iris, lens, vitreous body), which forms the image of objects of the external world on the retina, as well as the auxiliary and protective apparatus of the eye: eyelids, eyelashes, orbits, lacrimal apparatus, blood supply system, etc.

Visual processes result from the action of visible light on the photoreceptors of the retina (rods and cones). In humans, the retina contains approx. 120 million rods and 7 million cones (approx. 160,000 receptors per 1 mm2). The rod-free foveal region (foveola) contains approximately 25,000 cones. Photoreceptors were discovered by Treviranus (1835), but the idea of ​​2 types of photoreceptors was substantiated by Max Schulze (1866), who put forward dual vision theory. According to this theory, rods and cones have different functions: rods are the apparatus of the night achromatic vision, cones - daylight color vision. For excitation to occur in retinal neurons, it is necessary that the energy entering the retina in the form of light quanta (photons) be absorbed by the visual pigments of the photoreceptors: rod pigment rhodopsin, or, otherwise, visual purple, and cone pigments (iodopsin, etc.). Photochemical changes in these pigments give rise to the visual process, which at all levels of the visual system manifests itself in the form of electrical potentials (see Fig. Electroretinography,Electrooculography,Electroencephalography.)

Retina- this is a complex shell in which 10 layers are distinguished; its main elements are nerve cells. The primary processing of visual information occurs in the retina. In addition to receptors, there are several types of neurons in the retina - these are horizontal, bipolar, amacrine (they are included in the 6th layer, which is called the “inner nuclear layer”) and ganglion cells (8th layer). The axons of the latter amount to approx. 1 million form the optic (optic) nerve; the place in the retina where the fibers of the optic nerve gather and exit the eye is called optical disk,there are no photoreceptors here, and in line of sight it corresponds to a site called blind spot(natural scotoma).

Mechanisms of transformation of neurophysiological processes into light ones Feel and visual perceptions are unknown. Human visual sensations, as a rule, are included in the context of objective perception and do not arise in a pure, isolated form (not yet Wundt called pure sensation abstraction); they are almost always mediated by mental processes of a higher level of development, the unity of which with visual sensations in human activity forms visual perception.

The main visual function is light sensitivity. Absolute light sensitivity is defined as the reciprocal of absolute threshold, i.e., the smallest value of the light stimulus at which a sensation already arises. The absolute light sensitivity is very high: it is enough for the retina to absorb only a few quanta of light for a visual sensation to arise; its measurements are carried out in complete darkness when the process is completed dark adaptation(cm. Visual adaptation,Sensory adaptation).

Dr. an important indicator of profiling is the minimal visible difference between two stimuli (according to some of their properties); it characterizes the differential (difference) sensitivity (see. Differential threshold). The relative difference threshold in brightness is approximately equal to 1% (see. Brightness contrast).

Visual thresholds are variable values, depending on the action of many internal and external conditions, in particular, on the adaptation of the simultaneous action of several light stimuli on the retina (see. Visual camouflage), aftereffects of light stimuli ( sequential images), interaction of sense organs. Visual thresholds also depend on age, general condition of the body, normal or pathological condition of the organ Z.

There are 3 main types of protection: photopic, or daytime; mesopic, or twilight; scotopic, or night. Photopic vision is carried out using the cone apparatus, with full light adaptation to the background brightness exceeding 10 nits. It is characterized by the relative visibility of monochromatic radiation (in other words, the normalized spectral sensitivity curve) for daylight, adopted by the CIE (1924). Scotopic vision is carried out using a rod apparatus, with complete adaptation to darkness or background brightness not exceeding 0.01 nits. It is characterized by the relative visibility of monochromatic radiation for the night sky, adopted by the CIE (1951). Mesopic vision is intermediate between daytime and nighttime, when receptors of both types function.

With photopic Z. the greatest visual acuity present in the central field of the eye, corresponding to the foveal region of the retina; towards the periphery it quickly decreases. In scotopic vision, a central physiological scotoma is formed, and maximum light sensitivity is observed in the parafoveal regions, corresponding to the maximum density of rods. Under photopic conditions, a person distinguishes colors; under scotopic conditions, sensations are achromatic in nature, but light sensitivity can be very high.

For Z., the correct functioning of the motor system of the eye is important. Movements are carried out by the muscles of the eye: external (see. Eye movements) and internal (see Accommodation of the eyes,Pupillary reflex). Although the occurrence of individual sensations and perceptions can occur without eye movements (for example, during a flash of lightning lasting a microsecond, when no eye movement is possible), in the holistic process of visual perception (reading, looking at a picture, etc.) eye movements are necessary. When artificially still images are projected onto the retina, the image of the object fades and disappears after a few seconds (see. Sensory adaptation,Purkinje tree). see also binocular vision,Depth vision,Line of sight,Monocular vision,Neuron detector,Peripheral vision,Color vision,Central vision.

How it works

You indicate your gender We have selected pictures for the types of activities. The sets of pictures are different for girls and boys. This will make it easier for you to understand whether this or that type of activity is suitable for you. Gender is also taken into account in sets of professions in test results.

You choose your preferred activity from 20 pairs You need to select your preferred activity from 20 activity pairs. Completing the online test will take no more than 4 - 5 minutes.

We will show you the test results In the test results, we will determine your predominant type of profession and introduce you to its description. Also in the test results you will find a list of suitable professions.

You choose professions You will receive your personal list of professions. For the convenience of choosing professions, we will offer you filters by subjects, Unified State Examinations, areas of study, career prospects, etc. You can save interesting professions in your Personal Account and add them to comparison.

We will show you where you can get a profession We will show you where you can get a profession. If you want to choose an educational institution where to acquire your chosen profession, we will show you universities, colleges, and their specific education programs, where you can get the basis for a career in the profession.

We will show the labor market of the profession in Russia and in your city We selected real company positions for each profession and integrated the capabilities of the Yandex Jobs job aggregator into our service. As a result, you can see up-to-date information on the current state of the labor market of the profession: the number of vacancies, wages, and make cross-sections of information by city.

What kind of test is this and can you trust it?

This test is designed to identify a person's predisposition to a certain type of profession. The test is used for selection for various types of professions in accordance with the classification of types of professions by E.A. Klimov. This is a classic career guidance test, the Differential Diagnostic Questionnaire (DQQ), which is used in career guidance and professional selection of adolescents and adults. Based on the results of the survey, a person’s orientation towards 5 types of professions is revealed, according to the classification of E.A. Klimov:

• man is nature;
• man - technology;
• person - person;
• man is a symbolic technique, a symbolic image;
• a person is an artistic image.

What are the advantages of testing on our website?
Our test has a number of advantages over the original test. We have added visual images of activity to the test, which allow you to more accurately understand what type of activity we are talking about and imagine yourself in a certain role. In order to achieve maximum impact, we created two sets of visual images for women and men. As a result, the test is not so boring and is completed easier and faster.
The test result contains not only the appropriate type of activity and its description. The uniqueness of our test is that as a result of the test you will see very specific professions from our atlas of professions, which contains more than 1,100 professions.

And this is not all the possibilities of our test version. Professions can be filtered by areas, prospects, and Unified State Examinations! On the page of each profession you will find specific university programs where you can get it, see a list of universities where this profession is taught. University programs have information about passing scores, competition, number of places, and tuition fees. We provide the most complete range of information for making decisions about your future profession and entering a university.

Take the Klimov test on our website and make the right decision about your future profession, educational program and university!

Differential diagnostic questionnaire E.A. Klimova will help any person determine their aptitude for various professions using the method of calculating their personal psychotype. Each person is more inclined to a certain type of activity, this is due to our lifestyle, thinking, skills and subconscious aspirations. For one person it is important to realize his creative potential, for another it is to benefit the public, and a third prefers work aimed at economic results. By relying on this online technique, you can find out your personality type and gain a deeper understanding of your inclinations for your occupation.

The Klimov career guidance test is suitable for:

• a teenage school student (applicant) who is looking for and thinking about who to study;
• a student who is interested in understanding the correctness of his choice;
• companies that carefully select personnel when hiring;
• a person who already has a profession, but wants to retrain and is thinking about what profession to choose;
• employee of any company in order to better organize their work process and direct their abilities in the right way.

Take Klimov's differential diagnostic questionnaire on Prevolio and find out which type you are!

Klimov's map of interests was created by an outstanding Russian candidate of psychological sciences, who specialized in occupational psychology and published over 300 works and about 30 manuals and textbooks. He devoted one of his books to the topic of professional self-determination, in which he talks in detail about this technique (questionnaire). Unlike the Golomshtok test on our website, where the author identifies sixteen groups according to a point system, the author of this test describes five main groups - inclinations that characterize a person.

E.A. Klimov identifies 5 personality types:

1. Man - nature - this type is characteristic of people striving to improve the state of the environment, those who easily come into contact with nature and animals. These are gardeners, landscape designers, forestry and horticultural industry workers, veterinarians and ecologists, flora and fauna researchers, zoologists, botanists, as well as geologists, cartographers and metrologists.
2. A person is a person - this type is social, inclined to communicate, help others, and mutual understanding with the audience. Such people are suitable for work related to education, upbringing, social activities, medicine, legal assistance, journalism, as well as administrative work.
3. A person - an artistic image - calls such people creative, prone to artistic, writing, musical and architectural activities, etc. Such a person can be involved in the production of something or create works of art (designer, artist, composer, writer or director). And also perform and produce (designer, musician, jeweler, actor, and so on) or work with works of creativity (restorer, painter, polisher, master of painting).
4. A person is a sign system - this type of people of a mathematical mindset. Such professions as programmer, accountant, librarian, economist, notary, editor, office organizer, inspector, historian, mathematician and the like are suitable for them.
5. Man - technology - defines this type as people prone to technical types of professions, denotes the ability to manufacture parts, equipment, mechanisms, restoration and repair, inventions and innovations, testing and inspection work.

Klimov’s technique on Prevolio – advantages

• We have an online DDO Klimov test method for free, without registration and without SMS;
• There are 30 questions in total;
• You need to select the answer options “Yes” or “No”;
• Automatic calculation of results;
• An excellent opportunity to take the Klimov questionnaire in a convenient interface;
• There is no time limit for the passage, so you can think carefully about your answer;
• You will be able to see all types of professions according to Klimov (classification) and the extent of your disposition to each of them.

DDO makes it possible to recognize your professional inclinations and subconscious inclinations for a certain type of activity. Therefore, this career guidance test is ideal for schoolchildren and teenagers. Our website invites you, right now, to take the Klimov career guidance test in a comfortable environment, without leaving your home. You can drink coffee and calmly answer questions. But it is very important to answer questions responsibly. If you are in doubt about the answer, then most often the first answer that comes to mind is the correct one.

One of the most famous and widespread tests in our country. Despite his advanced age, the Klimov questionnaire allows one to quite accurately determine the level of motivation for various types of activities. Due to its simplicity, it can be used for testing both adults and adolescents.

In accordance with the classification of types of professions by Russian psychologist E.A. Klimov, each person is characterized by a more or less clearly expressed preference for types of activities. According to his theory, every person can cope with any job, provided they successfully complete the appropriate training. However, due to the predominance of different interests and personality characteristics, all possible professions were divided into 5 pairs in accordance with the predominant type of activity:

• Man is nature
• Man - technology
• Man is a sign
• Man - man
• Man is an artistic image

The questionnaire can be used as an initial or basic one to quickly and briefly determine the desired type of activity independently or in schools. The passage time will not take more than 10 minutes.

Instructions for the Klimov questionnaire

You will be asked to answer 20 questions like “Suppose you had the opportunity to do what you like, which of the two possible activities would you prefer?” with different pairs of answers. For each question, you can only choose one answer. Read the answers carefully and choose the one that suits you best.

Test time: about 10 minutes.

If the scale is dialed 0-2 points, then no interest in this area has been identified.
When dialing 3-6 interest and professional orientation are expressed on average.
7-8 points will indicate a pronounced professional orientation and interest in professions related to the scale.

Questions for the test

1.

2. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

3. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

4. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

5. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

6. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

7. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

8. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

9. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

10. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

11. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

12. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

13. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

14. Assume that with proper training you can do any job. But if you had to choose only one of two options, which would you prefer?

Self-instructor in psychology Obraztsova Lyudmila Nikolaevna

Differential diagnostic questionnaire (E. A. Klimov)

E. A. Klimov identified five types of professions: man-man, man-nature, man-technology, man-sign system, man-artistic image. The developed questionnaire allows us to identify orientation towards one of these types.

You are asked to evaluate 20 pairs of different types of activities, designated by the letters “a” and “b”. Carefully read each pair of lessons that have the same number (for example, 1a and 1b). Choose the one of the two options that seems more attractive to you.

Processing the results: check your answers with the key:

Man-nature: 1a, 3b, 6a, 10a, 11a, 13b, 16a, 20a.

Man-technology: 1b, 4a, 7b, 9a, 11b, 14a, 17b, 19a.

Human-human: 2a, 4b, 6b, 8a, 12a, 14b, 16b, 18a.

Man-sign system: 2b, 5a, 9b, 10b, 12b, 15a, 19b, 20b.

Man-artistic image: 3a, 5b, 7a, 8b, 13a, 15b, 17a, 18b.

For each match with the key, one point is awarded.

Interpretation of test results:

Brief description of types of professions:

Subject of labor for representatives of most professions of the “man-nature” type:

– animals, conditions of their growth and life;

– plants, their growing conditions. Activities:

– study, research, analyze the state and living conditions of plants or animals (agronomist, microbiologist, livestock specialist, hydrobiologist, agrochemist, phytopathologist);

– grow plants, care for animals (forester, field grower, florist, vegetable grower, poultry farmer, livestock breeder, gardener, beekeeper);

– carry out the prevention of plant and animal diseases (veterinarian, quarantine service doctor).

Psychological requirements professions “man-nature”:

– developed imagination, visual-figurative thinking, good visual memory, observation, ability to foresee and evaluate changing natural factors;

– since the results of activities are revealed after quite a long time, the specialist must have patience, perseverance, and must be ready to work outside the team, sometimes in difficult weather conditions, in mud, etc.

II. "Man-Technology". This type is for people who are interested in laboratory work in physics, chemistry, and electrical engineering, who like to assemble models, understand household appliances, and want to create, operate or repair machines, mechanisms, apparatus, and machine tools.

Subject of work:

– technical objects (machines, mechanisms);

– materials, types of energy. Activities:

– creation, installation, assembly of technical devices (specialists design, construct technical systems, devices, develop processes for their manufacture. Machines, mechanisms, devices are assembled from individual units and parts, regulate and adjust them);

– operation of technical devices (specialists work on machines, control vehicles, automatic systems);

– repair of technical devices (specialists identify, recognize malfunctions of technical systems, devices, mechanisms, repair, adjust, adjust them).

Psychological requirements:

– good coordination of movements;

– accurate visual, auditory, vibrational and kinesthetic perception;

– developed technical and creative thinking and imagination;

– ability to switch and concentrate attention;

– observation.

III. “Man is a sign system.” This type of profession is of interest mainly to those who like to perform calculations, drawings, diagrams, keep card files, systematize various information, would like to engage in programming, economics or statistics, etc. Most professions of this type are associated with information processing.

Subject of work:

– texts in native or foreign languages ​​(editor, proofreader, typist, clerk, telegraph operator, typesetter);

– numbers, formulas, tables (programmer, computer operator, economist, accountant, statistician);

– drawings, diagrams, maps (designer, process engineer, draftsman, copyist, navigator, surveyor);

– sound signals (radio operator, stenographer, telephone operator, sound engineer).

Psychological requirements:

– good operational and mechanical memory;

– the ability to concentrate attention on abstract (symbolic) material for a long time;

– good distribution and switching of attention;

– accuracy of perception, the ability to see what is behind the symbols;

– perseverance, patience;

- logical thinking.

IV. “Man as an artistic image”

Subject of work:

– artistic image, methods of its construction.

Activities:

– creation, design of works of art (writer, artist, composer, fashion designer, architect, sculptor, journalist, choreographer);

– reproduction, production of various products according to a model (jeweler, restorer, engraver, musician, actor, cabinetmaker);

– reproduction of works of art in mass production (porcelain painter, stone and crystal polisher, painter, printer).

Psychological requirements:

– artistic abilities; developed visual perception;

– observation, visual memory; visual-figurative thinking; creative imagination;

– knowledge of the psychological laws of emotional influence on people.

V. “Man-man”

Subject of work:

Activities:

– education, training of people (educator, teacher, sports coach);

– medical care (doctor, paramedic, nurse, nanny);

– consumer services (salesperson, hairdresser, waiter, watchman);

– information services (librarian, tour guide, lecturer);

– protection of society and the state (lawyer, police officer, inspector, military man).

Psychological requirements:

– the desire to communicate, the ability to easily come into contact with strangers;

– sustainable well-being when working with people;

- friendliness, responsiveness;

– endurance;

– ability to restrain emotions;

– the ability to analyze the behavior of others and one’s own, to understand the intentions and mood of other people, the ability to understand the relationships between people, the ability to resolve disagreements between them, organize their interaction;

– the ability to mentally put oneself in the place of another person, the ability to listen, to take into account the opinion of another person;

– ability to master speech, facial expressions, gestures;

– developed speech, the ability to find a common language with different people;

– ability to convince people;

– accuracy, punctuality, composure;

– knowledge of human psychology.

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