Intrauterine development of the fetus by week. Pregnancy
The sooner a woman finds out about pregnancy and turns to specialists who will manage it, the better.
This will allow you to make timely necessary adjustments to your lifestyle, undergo all important examinations, and, if possible, eliminate or minimize existing threats.
In some cases, the examination reveals indications for termination of pregnancy, and in the early stages the consequences of such intervention will be the least traumatic.
Therefore, every woman who is sexually active should know about the signs of pregnancy.
Girdle pain can be due to normal pregnancy or some pathology, so this sign is not informative enough.
Rarely, when a fertilized egg is implanted into the uterus, the so-called implantation bleeding, meager and short-lived.
A pregnancy test will help resolve many doubts; there are a great many of them. If there are signs of pregnancy and the test result is negative, it is worth repeating it after the period of time recommended by the instructions.
And if the suspicions are confirmed, you can go to the gynecologist and follow all his recommendations.
Optimal period for registration 6-12 weeks, at earlier stages a routine examination will not reveal anything and any interventions are inappropriate. The exception is complex cases when measures to preserve pregnancy must be taken from its first days.
From the moment of registration and up to 20 weeks Monthly visits to the gynecologist are necessary if the pregnancy is progressing normally.
20-32 weeks– the period when you need to undergo an examination every 2 weeks. 32-40 weeks– Weekly observations are required.
Any changes in well-being or alarming symptoms are a reason for an unscheduled visit to a gynecologist.
During the normal course of pregnancy, during the first examination, the genitals and mammary glands are examined, height, weight, pelvic dimensions, blood pressure are measured, vaginal examinations are performed, and smears are taken.
The patient is also referred for examination by specialized specialists, tests and hardware tests.
Management of complicated pregnancy has its own characteristics. More careful monitoring is required in the following cases:
- (woman over 35 years old) – additional tests for chromosomal abnormalities are required, the risk increases, there are more indications for
- The presence of chronic diseases of the kidneys, heart and blood vessels, and other extragenital (not related to the reproductive system) pathologies. In parallel with observation by a gynecologist, constant observation by a specialist of the appropriate profile is required - nephrologist, cardiologist, endocrinologist and others. The risk of fetal pathologies increases, so additional examinations are needed.
- Habitual in history. In such a situation, hospitalization and bed rest from the first days of pregnancy are often indicated, and all measures are taken to preserve it.
- – timely diagnosis, regular tests, and supportive therapy are important.
- pregnancy - hospitalization, constant monitoring by specialists and a decision on the advisability of inducing labor are necessary.
The following cases also require the close attention of specialists:
About any unusual conditions or unpleasant sensations should be reported to your doctor. He will suggest the most gentle methods that will minimize discomfort, and will reassure you if such manifestations are normal in pregnant women.
On the other hand, even seemingly minor symptoms can indicate serious problems, so it’s better to play it safe and tell a specialist about them.
and examinations
During pregnancy, a woman has to undergo many tests, even during normal pregnancy, and if there are any complications, the list expands.
- 5-12 weeks. Blood tests for group and Rh factor, level, biochemical composition, coagulability, infections; smears for STIs, general urine test.
- 11-13 weeks. It is recommended to take a blood test to identify fetal malformations; it is supplemented by ultrasound results, these are the components.
- 14-20 weeks. In some cases, a repeated comprehensive examination is prescribed, and blood is also given for analysis for Down syndrome.
- 16 weeks. The optimal time for repeated blood and urine tests. Particular attention is paid to the level of hemoglobin and protein content in the urine; pyelonephritis usually develops during this period. If serious abnormalities are detected, appropriate treatment is prescribed, often with hospitalization, and tests are carried out regularly until the indicators normalize.
- 25 weeks Analysis of urine.
- 28 weeks. Blood and urine analysis.
- 30 weeks. Most of the tests performed during registration are repeated and written out.
In the future, a urine test is given before each visit to the gynecologist.
Along with laboratory tests, upon registration you need to undergo an ECG. It is also recommended to undergo an ultrasound scan 3-5 times during pregnancy:
- 5-6 weeks: to exclude ;
- 11-12 weeks: first screening for fetal pathologies;
- 22 weeks: the size of the fetus, the condition of the placenta and internal organs are assessed;
- 32 weeks: Doppler to assess placental function;
- 36-38 weeks: Ultrasound is indicated for low placentation. The size and position of the fetus are identified, blood flow is assessed, a forecast is made regarding the timing of delivery, and indications for cesarean section are identified.
Starting from the 36th week, at each examination it is carried out to study the cardiac activity of the fetus and the effect of uterine contractions on it.
Basic knowledge about pregnancy, its symptoms, timing, and course characteristics will help a woman more adequately assess her own condition.
But You cannot do without regular observation by a gynecologist and examination by specialized specialists during this period., especially if there are complications.
The specialist will prescribe all the necessary tests, when diagnosing the disease, will recommend effective but gentle treatment, and will make every effort to prevent complications and successfully resolve a complicated pregnancy.
Pregnancy is a biological state of female animals, characteristic of mammals. This condition is caused by the conception of new individuals and is the process of bearing cubs inside the female’s body. The pregnancy period ends with childbirth. During pregnancy, the embryo develops and grows by receiving nutrients from the mother, and in females, in turn, the body undergoes restructuring and preparation for the upcoming feeding of newborn babies.
Length of pregnancy
In different animal species, the duration of pregnancy can vary from several days to several years. For example, pregnancy in elephants lasts about two years, and in long-nosed bandicoots and the common opossum - 12-13 days.
The normal gestation period for humans is 40 weeks (9 months).
Determining the gestational age and due date is based on the assumption that a woman has a 28-day menstrual cycle with ovulation on days 14–15 of the cycle. The duration of pregnancy is on average 280 days (40 weeks) from the beginning of the last menstruation. An obstetric month has 4 weeks or 28 days. Therefore, the duration of a normal pregnancy is 10 obstetric months, or also called 10 lunar months.
A simple formula for calculating the expected date of birth is the so-called Naegele formula - 9 months and 7 days are added to the date of the first day of the last menstrual period. A simplified method of these calculations is to count 3 months ago from the first day of the last menstruation and add 7 plus 1 year to the resulting number.
For example, the first day of the last menstruation is 04/01/2010. The expected date of birth will be: 01/08/2011 (1 + 7 = 8th day, 4 - 3 = 1st month, 2010 + 1 = 2011th year) .
However, 280 days is the conditional number of days of pregnancy. Determining the true duration of pregnancy is difficult due to the fact that it is difficult to establish the exact date of ovulation, the time of sperm movement and fertilization, it is difficult to take into account all the characteristics of the woman’s body and predict the time the baby is ready to be born.
When determining the due date, it should be taken into account that ovulation does not always occur in the middle of the cycle. In addition, the length of pregnancy increases by approximately 1 day for each day of the menstrual cycle exceeding 28 days. For example, with a 35-day cycle, ovulation occurs on day 21, and then the due date will be shifted a week later. Therefore, a baby is considered full-term if it is born between 266 and 294 days (38–42 weeks) of pregnancy.
According to statistics, more than 10% of all pregnancies last more than 42 weeks, of which 14% last more than 43 weeks.
A pregnancy lasting more than 42 weeks is called post-term. And among the total number of births, 5-10% of pregnancies last less than 37 weeks. Such a pregnancy before the end of the normal period of intrauterine development is considered premature.
Days to conceive
The egg is ready for fertilization within just 24-36 hours. Sexual intercourse does not necessarily have to coincide with the moment of its maturation, since... sperm can remain viable for 3-5 days in the female genital organs, especially in the so-called crypts of the uterine pharynx.
During this entire time, there is a possibility of conception. Therefore, if sexual intercourse occurs 5 days before ovulation, a woman can become pregnant. But it is better if sexual intercourse (ejaculation) is closely tied to this moment. It's easy enough to predict.
Typically, the egg is ready for fertilization 14 days before the end of the cycle. If it lasts 28 days, then it will be the 14th day from the beginning. With a cycle duration: 25 days - 11th, 32 days - 18th, 35 days - 21st (i.e. 25-14=11, 32-14=18, 35-14=21).
Conceiving a child according to the lunar calendar - Jonas Method
Dr. Jonas discovered and proved as a result of his research that the probability of conception is very high during the period of time when the phase of the Moon (that is, the angle between the Moon and the Sun) repeats the phase that was at the birth of the woman. Moreover, the probability of conception increases sharply, regardless of what period of the hormonal cycle the lunar phase repeats.
The probability of conception is highest when the repetition of the phase coincides with ovulation, but in second place in probability is, oddly enough, the coincidence of the repetition of the phase with menstruation.
Research results suggest that up to 85% of conceptions occur during the repeat phase, and only 15% during the scientifically proven period of readiness for conception. Mysteriously, the body is so committed to conception when the lunar phase repeats that any obstacles on this path may be ineffective.
Francesca Naish, in her book The Lunar Cycle, suggests that ideally these two periods should coincide. She found that in women who lead a healthy lifestyle, are free from significant stress and listen to the rhythms of their bodies, the lunar and hormonal phases eventually synchronize.
Positions for conception
The best position for those who want to become parents is missionary. In the classic version, the man is on top, between the spread legs of a woman lying on her back. This position is recommended in cases where the uterus is bent anteriorly (anteflexion of the uterus), or more precisely, excessive deviation anteriorly (hyperanteflexion of the uterus) (in this case, it makes sense to place a pillow under the buttocks of the partner). And then it is recommended to lie on your back with your knees pressed to your chest or raise your legs up (the so-called “birch tree” pose).
In addition, the position of the man from behind (kneeling position, knee-elbow position, doggy style, doggy style position; this is when the partner, kneeling, penetrates the partner from behind, leaning on her knees and elbows, holding her by the waist, hips , breasts or buttocks). This position is favorable for conception, since the external opening of the urethra of the penis and the cervical canal are in the same plane and are most closely adjacent to each other. This position is recommended in cases where the uterus is bent backwards (uterine retroversion) or a position where the partner lies on her stomach and the man is behind (in this case, it makes sense to place a pillow under the partner’s stomach). And then after intercourse it is recommended to lie on your stomach.
If the cervix is turned to the side (to the left or to the right), then after intercourse you need to lie on the side where the cervix is facing, and do not forget to choose the appropriate position.
The likelihood of pregnancy is reduced if, after ejaculation, sperm flows out of the vagina and does not come into contact with the cervix. Therefore, avoid positions where the woman is on top, standing or leaning over.
Planning the gender of the unborn child
There are many options for planning the gender of your child. Let's look at the most popular of them.
Scientific method. The sex planning method of Hezel Chesterman-Phillips and J. Martin Young is based on the difference in sperm. A sperm carrying a male Y chromosome is more mobile than a sperm carrying an X chromosome and is able to reach the egg earlier. But a sperm with an X chromosome is more viable and can survive longer in the fallopian tube, “waiting” for ovulation. The method is named after the demographer Otfried Hatzold. It is believed that this method of planning the gender of the unborn child is effective in 80% of cases.
To conceive a boy, you must have sexual intercourse on the day preceding or coinciding with the date of ovulation. To conceive a girl, you must have your last sexual intercourse no later than 2-3 days before ovulation.
Planning the gender of the child according to the lunar calendar. Even ancient Babylonian texts contained a simple recommendation on how to plan the sex of a child. Modern research confirms its effectiveness: on those days when the Moon is in the female signs of the Zodiac, a girl is conceived (female signs are Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Scorpio, Capricorn and Pisces).
When a night beauty floats through masculine signs, it is easy to conceive a future warrior (Aries, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Sagittarius and Aquarius are classified as masculine signs).
Planning the gender of the child by day of the week. During the Age of Enlightenment, astrologers recommended making love on Monday and Friday in order to conceive a girl. After all, these days are ruled by the feminine Moon and Venus. For male descendants according to this system, Thursday and Sunday are suitable - the days of Jupiter and the Sun. But Tuesday, Wednesday and Saturday were on the “black list”.
It was believed that these days it was better to completely forget about the joys of marriage.
Following a special diet. French diet.
To conceive a boy, you must follow the following diet:
- Drinks: tea, coffee, beer, fruit juice, mineral water with soda. (Not recommended: milk, milk drinks, mineral waters with calcium).
- Meat: all varieties, sausages.
- Fish: all varieties. (Not recommended: shrimp, crab, caviar).
- Eggs: whites only. (Not recommended: in sauces, baked goods).
- Bread and cereals: cookies, biscuits, rice, semolina. (Not recommended: bread, pancakes, waffles, confectionery with milk).
- Fresh and dry vegetables: potatoes, mushrooms, dry white beans, lentils, dried peas. (Not recommended: green salad, green beans, green beans, raw cabbage, watercress, dill).
- Fresh fruits: everything, especially bananas, dates, apricots, oranges, peaches, cherries.
- Dried fruits and pancakes: prunes, dried apricots, dates, dark chocolate. (Not recommended: walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, peanuts, cocoa, milk chocolate). Miscellaneous: salt all food, canned food, yeast as much as possible.
To conceive a girl, you must follow the following diet:
- Drinks: coffee, tea, chocolate, cocoa, calcium mineral waters (canned fruit juice, Coca-Cola, carbonated drinks are not recommended).
- Meat: beef, veal, pork, lamb in limited quantities. (Not recommended: sausages, ham, corned beef, smoked meats, meatballs, roasts). Fish - fresh, frozen. (Not recommended: smoked, dried and salted fish, canned fish in marinade, crustaceans, shrimp oil).
- Dairy products: milk, cream cheese, cottage cheese. (Not recommended: all cheeses and ice cream). Bread without salt, cookies without salt, homemade cakes without salt and without yeast. (Not recommended: regular bread, regular cookies, industrial confectionery products).
- Cereals: rice, semolina. (Not recommended: corn). Vegetables: limited quantities of potatoes, eggplant, asparagus, beets, carrots, champignons, cucumbers, watercress, green beans, lettuce, peas, peppers, onions, boiled tomatoes. (crispy potatoes, canned vegetables, spinach, rhubarb, all types of cabbage, mushrooms, zucchini, raw tomatoes, dried vegetables, white beans, lentils are not recommended).
- Dry fruits: unsalted almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts. (Not recommended: figs, raisins, dried apricots, dates, prunes, salted dried fruits).
- Fresh fruits: apples, pears, strawberries, raspberries, pineapples, peaches, grapefruits, lemons, watermelon, mangoes, quinces, cherries. (Not recommended: plum, apricot, cherry, banana, orange, currant, melon).
- Miscellaneous: sugar, honey, jam, jelly, fresh sour cream, eggs, aromatic herbs. (Not recommended: salt, yeast, soda, gherkins, olives, margarine, salted butter, ketchup.
That is, the birth of a male baby is facilitated by the predominance of potassium and sodium ions - with a lack of calcium and magnesium. To conceive a girl, on the contrary, a predominance of calcium and magnesium ions is necessary.
Both spouses need to follow the chosen diet for about a month before the expected conception. The average percentage of successful hits is 82%.
Folk methods, signs
The ancient Chinese were sure that to give birth to a boy, a woman should lie with her head to the north during intercourse, and to conceive a girl, to the south.
The Hellenes claimed that if partners lie on their right side at the moment of intimacy, this guarantees the birth of a boy, if on the left, then a girl.
In the Middle Ages in Europe, men dreaming of a son placed an ax under their pillow, and those who wanted to braid their hair were disarmed accordingly.
In Germany, it was customary to focus on the weather: if conception occurred during rain, a girl would be born, and if in dry weather, a boy would be born.
Alchemists looked at procreation more deeply and recommended drinking a mixture of wine and lion’s blood before the crucial moment to make a boy.
The ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles argued that the sex of a child depends on the weather - sons are more likely to be conceived in hot weather, and daughters are more likely to be conceived in cold weather.
A man can influence the gender of the child if, at the climax of the act of love, he bites his beloved on the ear. For the right - there will be a boy, for the left - a girl.
The more meat, salt and spices the expectant mother eats, the sooner she will give birth to a son. If she indulges in sweets, it’s her daughter.
If you sprinkle sugar on the windowsill on a full moon, you will have a girl, if you sprinkle it with salt, you will have a boy.
The first word the baby says determines the gender of the child following him - “Mom” - wait for your little sister, “dad” - wait for your brother.
Definition using a table
Ancient Chinese table for determining the sex of a child by time of conception. The correct result is obtained in 90% of cases.
Numeric method
The age of the parents at the time of conception is added, the resulting amount is multiplied by 4, and then divided by 3. If the result is divided with a remainder of 2 or without a remainder, then it is a boy. If the remainder is one, it is a girl. There is only an error, if the parents’ birthday is +- month nearby, then the result is 90% correct.
Gender of the child according to signs, signs, beliefs
Urine and milk:
You need to boil an equal amount of urine and fresh milk (preferably from a freshly opened package); if the milk curdles, it will be a boy, if the milk does not curdle, it will be a girl. There is no need to boil for a long time.
According to the shape of the belly:
If the stomach sticks out “cucumber” forward, then the woman will give birth to a boy; if the sides are visible from the back, then a girl will be born.
Leg hair:
The hair on your legs grows more during your pregnancy, it's a boy. Accordingly, if there is no increase in vegetation, it is a girl.
Culinary preferences:
If a woman wants sweets, then she is waiting for a girl, and while waiting for a boy, she “pulls” for salty, meat and other serious foods.
Mom's beauty:
There is an opinion that a girl “takes away her mother’s beauty,” so if a pregnant woman becomes prettier, then she is pregnant with a boy.
Toxicosis:
It is believed that toxicosis in the first three months is more common in those who are expecting a girl; pregnancy with a boy in the first trimester is easier.
Heartbeat:
If the fetal heart rate is 140 beats per minute or more, it is a girl; if less, it is a girl.
"Bioenergy" methods
You need to take a needle or a ring on a thread (sometimes on a mother’s hair) and lift it above your palm with the needle down. If the needle begins to swing along the palm, it means there will be a girl, if across, it means a boy. Another common version of this method: you need to hold the needle over your stomach, and if the needle swings like a pendulum, then there is a girl, and if it swings in circles, then it is a boy.
Urine color:
If a pregnant woman's urine is bright yellow, it's a boy; if it's dull, light yellow, it's a girl.
Chest:
If the breasts have increased significantly, it is a girl.
Left or right:
If he pushes from the right, then it’s a boy.
If in a dream a pregnant woman felt like a man, then it will be a boy.
Left or right leg:
If you like to put one foot on a platform and are tempted to put your right one, it will be a boy, if your left one, it will be a girl.
Pigmentation on the abdomen:
If strong pigmentation appears on the stomach, then it is definitely a girl.
Belly stripe:
If the stripe on the stomach runs from the right of the navel - a boy, to the left - a girl.
Assistant or domestic helper:
It is believed that if the man in the family is more active and subject to stress and strain, then there will be a boy, and if the wife is more tired: housework, work, then a girl will be born.
Wars and military conflicts:
It is believed that during periods of war and conflict, more boys are born.
The first (presumable, probable) signs of pregnancy
Most people know these signs, it would be worth repeating:
- Cessation (delay) of menstruation;
- Implantation bleeding;
- Nausea (toxicosis), vomiting in the morning;
- Changes in appetite (increased appetite, craving for certain foods);
- Changes in olfactory sensations;
- Heartburn and constipation;
- “Metallic” taste in the mouth;
- Lower back pain;
- Headache and migraines;
- Changes in the nervous system: formation of a generic dominant, irritability or vice versa, lethargy and drowsiness;
- Increased pigmentation (darkening) of facial skin, nipples;
- Frequent urination;
- Breast engorgement.
As well as an increase in abdominal volume.
Pregnancy tests are widely available, allowing a quick qualitative reaction to the presence of hormonal markers of pregnancy in the urine - the most common reaction is to human chorionic gonadotropin, which begins to be excreted in the urine 12-15 days after fertilization of the egg.
Tests to determine hormonal markers in urine are made in the form of strips or other similar devices. Typically, a short-term contact of such a device with urine is sufficient to conduct a test, after which the result is displayed in the form of an indicator strip, an icon that appears, or other visible markers.
The accuracy of the results is almost one hundred percent - 97-99%, provided that you carefully read the instructions and did everything correctly.
When purchasing a test, do not forget to check the expiration date. Because if this period has passed, the results may be incorrect. Use morning urine for testing, when hormones are easiest to detect.
If you were unable to collect your morning analysis, try not to go to the toilet for at least four hours before the test. And don't drink large amounts of liquid to prevent your bladder from enlarging. Otherwise, this will make it difficult to find hormones during analysis.
Keep in mind that if you have an ectopic pregnancy, the test will not detect it.
How does conception occur?
From the first day of menstruation until the fourteenth day of the cycle (if it lasts 28 days), thanks to a hormone, namely the follicle-stimulating hormone of the pituitary gland, about ten follicles develop inside each ovary, the walls of which produce the female hormones estrogens. When one of the follicles reaches maturity, the pituitary gland receives a signal and sends another hormone, the so-called pituitary luteinizing hormone, which causes ovulation.
After 12-36 hours, the only follicle that has reached maturity ruptures and releases an egg, which enters the fallopian tube and waits for sperm to appear there. And if they are there or appear, then a child is conceived.
It is already clear that fertilization of the egg occurs in the fallopian tube. In order for sperm to successfully reach the egg and fertilize it, the glands of the cervix secrete special mucus during the fertile period, which forms something similar to a path made of woven mesh. Motile sperm use this path as an escalator to penetrate the uterus and then into the tubes.
However, not all sperm will reach the goal, but only 99%, because they will not be able to pass through the barrier - the cervix.
Cervical mucus is a very favorable environment for maintaining the life of sperm, in contrast to the acidic environment of the vagina. It also acts as a filter: it allows only normal and motile sperm to pass through.
It must be said that sperm are much more tenacious (sperm can remain viable for up to 120 hours in the female genital organs) than an egg, which lives outside the follicle for only 24-36 hours.
And so, a mature egg is surrounded by several hundred sperm, each of which strives to penetrate it, but only one (in rare cases, two or three) succeeds. The head of the sperm enters the egg, and its tail, having fulfilled its function of ensuring movement, disappears. At this point, the surface of the egg changes, preventing access to other sperm.
Fertilization occurred and a fertilized egg (not yet an embryo) was formed, in which female and male chromosomes were mixed. From this moment, the first cell division occurs - 2 cells, then the second - 4 cells and so on (one division approximately every 10 hours).
Dividing and developing, the embryo does not remain in one place, but moves along the tube towards the uterus. In this it is helped by special cilia covering the cavity of the tube - they roll the embryo like a ball. Approximately on the 4th day of travel, the embryo reaches the uterine cavity and already consists of 64 cell divisions.
On days 5-6, the embryo is freed from the surrounding membrane and on days 7-9 implantation begins in the endometrial mucosa.
Some women may experience minor bleeding during this implantation period (10-12 days after fertilization).
Pregnancy calendar by trimesters (weeks, months)
A normal pregnancy lasts 38-42 weeks, with an average of 40 weeks. Gynecologists divide these 40 weeks into the III trimester: I trimester - up to 12 weeks, II - 13-24 (from 24 to 28) weeks (different specialists draw the border between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy differently), III - from 25-29 weeks before giving birth.
I trimester (first 12 weeks, 3 months)
During this time, conception occurs, the formation of the fertilized egg, its attachment to the uterus and the formation of a fetus from the embryo. During this period, the fetus develops all vital organs. By the end of the first trimester, the fetus is almost completely similar to a newborn baby, only very tiny. The baby begins to make the first movements - turn his head, move his arms and legs - but these movements are too weak, so the mother does not feel them.
II trimester (13-24 (from 24 to 28) weeks, 4-6 months)
During this period, the baby’s rapid development occurs; he is rapidly preparing for independent extrauterine life. In the second trimester, the baby’s internal organs develop, he begins to move, can hear the mother’s heartbeat, the voices of his parents (it is believed that the future baby at this time perceives low sounds better, so the father’s voice will sound especially pleasant to him), feel touches on the stomach .
III trimester (from 25-29 weeks before birth, 7-9 months)
During this period, the development of the baby’s internal organs ends, the brain, head, and eyes are fully formed. By the 32nd week, only the baby’s lungs continue to develop; even his nails have already grown by this time. During this period, the baby must prepare for birth - turn over with its head down.
Ectopic pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy when the attachment of a fertilized egg occurs outside the uterine cavity. With rare exceptions, ectopic pregnancies are not viable and are often dangerous to the mother's health due to internal bleeding. Ectopic pregnancy is considered a condition requiring emergency medical care, because... without treatment it can be fatal.
During a normal pregnancy, fertilization of the egg by the sperm occurs in the fallopian tube, from where the zygote enters the uterine cavity, where there is enough space for the development of the fertilized egg. In an ectopic pregnancy, the zygote does not reach the uterine cavity and is implanted in the tube, or is pushed out of the tube in the opposite direction and attaches to the ovary or the surrounding peritoneum.
Since there are no normal conditions for embryo development outside the uterus, chorionic villi penetrate into the tissue of the organ and damage it, causing bleeding into the abdominal cavity.
Based on the location of the ectopic pregnancy, tubal, ovarian, abdominal pregnancies and pregnancy in the rudimentary uterine horn are distinguished. In addition, a heterotopic pregnancy is distinguished, in which there are two fertilized eggs, one of which is located in the uterus and the other outside it.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs in approximately 2% of all pregnancies. Tubal pregnancy accounts for 98% of all ectopic pregnancies.
In 30-50% of cases of ectopic pregnancy, the causes remain unknown. Risk factors include pelvic inflammatory diseases, infertility, intrauterine contraception, tubal surgery (including sterilization), and smoking.
Bad habits and pregnancy
Results of smoking during pregnancy:
- The risk of spontaneous abortion in women who smoke during pregnancy is 30-70% higher than in non-smokers;
- In smoking women, miscarriages occur in 22.5-41% of cases, in non-smokers - in only 7.4%;
- The risk of developing the symptom of sudden death of a newborn in smokers is increased by 52%;
- In 96% of cases, miscarriage is caused by pregnant women smoking, and the onset of premature birth is directly dependent on the number of cigarettes smoked daily;
- For smoking women, premature babies are born in 6.5-33.5% of cases, while for non-smokers - in only 0.8-11.2% of cases. The number of newborns weighing less than 2500 g is greater by 52% in women who smoke less than 1 pack of cigarettes per day, and by 130% in women who smoke 1 pack or more per day, compared with non-smoking women;
- Children born to women who smoke are characterized by a slowdown in not only physical, but also intellectual, including emotional, development; they begin to read and count later;
- Women who smoke are more likely than non-smokers to give birth to children with heart defects and defects in the development of the nasopharynx, inguinal hernia, and strabismus. Smoking adversely affects the process of formation and development of the neural tube in the fetus, leading to the birth of anencephals, babies with congenital abnormalities of mental development, with a cleft palate and cleft lip;
- The number of non-smoking women did not breastfeed their newborns was only 7.1%, while among smokers - 23.4%. None of the premature babies born to mothers who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day were breastfed.
A significantly larger number of children of smoking parents are hospitalized for pneumonia and bronchitis.
The effect of alcohol on pregnancy
There is such a thing as fetal alcohol syndrome, or fetal alcohol syndrome. Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition caused by the teratogenic effects of ethanol (alcohol is ethyl alcohol, or ethanol) on the developing fetus during critical periods of development.
Fetal alcoholism syndrome, which occurs due to alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman, can lead to various developmental disorders and anomalies in the newborn:
- Intrauterine developmental delay;
- Low birth weight;
- Impaired physical development: disproportionate physique, short or, conversely, too high height and (or) weight;
- Developmental anomalies of the maxillofacial region: hypoplasia (underdevelopment) of the zygomatic arch, lower jaw; shortened upper lip, bridge of the nose; narrow palpebral fissures;
- Pathology of the nervous system: microcephaly - underdevelopment of the brain or its individual parts, leading to some neurological and intellectual disorders (mental retardation); “open back”, incomplete fusion of the spinal canal;
- Numerous abnormalities of organ development, the most common are malformations of the heart, external genitalia and joints.
Maternal smoking has a significant effect on the rate of miscarriage, but still less than alcohol. In women who smoked 2 packs of cigarettes per day and did not drink alcohol, the miscarriage rate was 1.5 times higher than in non-smokers; in non-smoking women who drank alcohol regularly - 2.5 times higher than in non-drinkers; In women who combined smoking with alcohol consumption, the rate of miscarriages was 4.5 times higher than in non-drinkers and non-smokers.
In addition, it has been clearly proven that maternal alcoholism in combination with smoking (more than 10 cigarettes per day) or drinking caffeine (more than 6-8 cups of coffee per day) in a large percentage of cases leads to intrauterine growth retardation.
Abortion, termination of pregnancy
Abortion is the artificial or spontaneous termination of pregnancy in the first 28 weeks. Early abortion - during the first 14-15 weeks, late abortion - within 16-28 weeks.
Depending on the stage of pregnancy, its termination is carried out using various methods:
- Drug provocation of spontaneous abortion (2-8 weeks). Medical abortion (pill abortion) - the term pharmaceutical or medication abortion refers to the termination of a pregnancy induced by drugs instead of surgery;
- Vacuum aspiration (2-5 weeks) - mini-abortion;
- Medical - surgical removal of the fetus (abrasion, colloquially called “curettage”; 6-12 weeks, sometimes up to 22 weeks) - classic abortion;
- Late abortions - provocation of premature “birth” (over 22 weeks) - artificial birth.
With illegal abortion, infertility occurs in 40% of cases. After abortions performed in a clinical setting, the likelihood of infertility occurs in only 10% of cases, mainly after the first abortion.
Causes of infertility as a result of abortion:
- Curettage of the uterine cavity is the main reason that eliminates reproductive function. As a result of these actions, the uterine cavity and cervix are injured;
- After curettage, drug therapy is often carried out to change the biocenosis of the vagina, which interferes with the normal movement of sperm;
- Hormonal imbalance that develops after an abortion prevents the formation and release of eggs ready for fertilization;
- Inflammatory diseases. Any surgical intervention is accompanied by inflammation of surrounding tissues and a decrease in local immunity. As a result, pre-existing inflammatory diseases worsen, or an infection brought into the uterine cavity by medical instruments appears.
An abortion complicated by pelvic inflammation leaves scars and adhesions both in the uterus and in the fallopian tubes. The fallopian tubes, having lost their mobility, cannot transport the egg to the site of fertilization.
Rhesus conflict and abortion
Women who are Rh negative are especially strongly advised to avoid abortion. During pregnancy with an Rh-positive fetus, starting from the 4th - 5th week of pregnancy, the mother's body produces antibodies against the Rh-positive red blood cells of the fetus.
After an abortion, antibodies remain in the mother’s body, and in the case of a subsequent pregnancy with an Rh-positive fetus, the likelihood of severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn increases - in this condition, the Rh-positive red blood cells of the fetus are destroyed (hemolysis occurs) by antibodies formed in the mother’s body. To prevent subsequent Rh conflict, timely immunoprophylaxis is necessary.
In accordance with the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens dated July 22, 1993, every woman has the right to independently decide the issue of motherhood.
Abortion is carried out:
- at the request of the woman during pregnancy up to 12 weeks,
- for social reasons - for pregnancy up to 22 weeks,
- if there are medical indications and the woman’s consent - regardless of the stage of pregnancy.
Abortion should be performed only in institutions that have received a license for this type of activity, by doctors with special training.
Frozen pregnancy(“non-developing pregnancy”, 3D) is an abnormal cessation of fetal development in the early stages of pregnancy due to some disturbances in the normal course of pregnancy. Diagnosed mainly in the first trimester of pregnancy. It ends in fetal death and premature termination of pregnancy.
Indicators of frozen pregnancy:
- Analysis for hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) - the level of hCG does not increase or decreases.
- An ultrasound of the pelvic organs shows no dynamics of fetal development, or the fetal egg is without an embryo (anembryony).
en.wikipedia.org
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is a biological state of female animals, characteristic of mammals. This condition is caused by the conception of new individuals and is the process of bearing cubs inside the female’s body. The pregnancy period ends with childbirth. During pregnancy, the embryo develops and grows by receiving nutrients from the mother, and in females, in turn, the body undergoes restructuring and preparation for the upcoming feeding of newborn babies.
Length of pregnancy
In different animal species, the duration of pregnancy can vary from several days to several years. For example, Pregnancy in elephants lasts about two years, A in long-nosed bandicoots and the common opossum - 12-13 days.
The normal gestation period for humans is 40 weeks (9 months).
Determination of gestational age and due date is based on the assumption that a woman has a 28-day menstrual cycle with ovulation on days 14–15 of the cycle. The average pregnancy duration is 280 days (40 weeks) from the beginning of the last menstruation. In the obstetric month 4 weeks or 28 days. Therefore, the duration of a normal pregnancy is 10 obstetric months or else called 10 lunar months.
A simple formula for calculating your expected date of birth is the so-called Naegele's formula - 9 months and 7 days are added to the date of the first day of the last menstruation. A simplified method of these calculations is to count 3 months ago from the first day of the last menstruation and add 7 plus 1 year to the resulting number. For example, the first day of the last menstruation is 04/01/2010. The expected date of birth will be: 01/08/2011 (1 + 7 = 8th day, 4 - 3 = 1st month, 2010 + 1 = 2011th year) .
However, 280 days is the conditional number of days of pregnancy. Determining the true duration of pregnancy is difficult due to the fact that it is difficult to establish the exact date of ovulation, the time of sperm movement and fertilization, it is difficult to take into account all the characteristics of the woman’s body and predict the time the baby is ready to be born. When determining the due date, it should be taken into account that ovulation does not always occur in the middle of the cycle. In addition, the length of pregnancy increases by approximately 1 day for each day of the menstrual cycle that exceeds 28 days. For example, with a 35-day cycle, ovulation occurs on day 21, and then the due date will be shifted a week later.
That's why a baby is considered full-term if it is born between 266 and 294 days (38–42 weeks) of pregnancy. According to statistics, more than 10% of all pregnancies last more than 42 weeks, of which 14% last more than 43 weeks. A pregnancy lasting more than 42 weeks is called post-term. And among the total number of births, 5-10% of pregnancies last less than 37 weeks. Such a pregnancy before the end of the normal period of intrauterine development is considered premature.
Days to conceive
The egg is ready for fertilization within just 24-36 hours. Sexual intercourse does not necessarily have to coincide with the moment of its maturation, since... sperm can remain viable for 3-5 days in the female genital organs, especially in the so-called crypts of the uterine pharynx. During this entire time, there is a possibility of conception. That's why if sexual intercourse occurs 5 days before ovulation, a woman can become pregnant. But it is better if sexual intercourse (ejaculation) is closely tied to this moment. It's easy enough to predict. Usually the egg is ready for fertilization 14 days before the end of the cycle. If it lasts 28 days, then it will be the 14th day from the beginning. With a cycle duration: 25 days - 11th, 32 days - 18th, 35 days - 21st (i.e. 25-14=11, 32-14=18, 35-14=21).
Conceiving a child according to the lunar calendar. Jonas method
Dr. Jonas discovered and proved through his research that the probability of conception is very high during the period of time when the phase of the moon(that is, the angle between the Moon and the Sun) repeats the phase that was at the birth of a woman. Moreover, the probability of conception increases sharply, regardless of what period of the hormonal cycle the lunar phase repeats. The probability of conception is highest when the repetition of the phase coincides with ovulation, But in second place in probability is, oddly enough, the coincidence of phase repetition with menstruation.
Research results suggest that up to 85% of conceptions occur precisely during the repeat phase, And only 15% - in the scientifically proven period of readiness to conceive. Mysteriously, the body is so committed to conception when the lunar phase repeats that any obstacles on this path may be ineffective.
Francesca Naish, in her book The Lunar Cycle, suggests that ideally these two periods should coincide. She found that women who lead healthy lifestyles, are free from significant stress and listen to their body's rhythms, lunar and hormonal phases eventually synchronize.
Positions for conception
The best position for those who want to become parents is missionary. In the classic version, the man is on top, between the spread legs of a woman lying on her back. This pose is recommended in cases where bending of the uterus anteriorly (anteflexion of the uterus), more precisely excessive anterior deviation (hyperanteflexion of the uterus)(this makes sense place a pillow under your partner's buttocks). And then it is recommended lie on your back with your knees pressed to your chest or raise your legs up(the so-called “birch tree” pose).
Besides, position man from behind(kneeling position, knee-elbow position, doggy style, doggy style position; this is when the partner, kneeling, penetrates the partner from behind, leaning on her knees and elbows, holding her by the waist, hips, breasts or buttocks). This position is favorable for conception, since the external opening of the urethra of the penis and the cervical canal are in the same plane and are most closely adjacent to each other. This pose is recommended in cases where backward bending of the uterus (uterine retroversion) or pose when the partner lies on her stomach, and the man is behind(this makes sense place a pillow under your partner's stomach). And then After intercourse, it is recommended to lie on your stomach.
If the cervix is turned to the side (left or right), Then After intercourse, you need to lie on the side where the cervix faces, and don't forget to choose the appropriate pose.
The likelihood of pregnancy is reduced if, after ejaculation, sperm flows out of the vagina and does not come into contact with the cervix. Therefore, avoid positions where the woman is on top, standing or leaning over.
Planning the gender of the unborn child
Scientific method. Hesel Chesterman-Phillips and J. Martin Young's Floor Planning Method
This method of planning the gender of the unborn child, based on sperm differences. Sperm, carrying a male Y chromosome, more mobile than carrying the X chromosome, and able to reach the egg earlier. But sperm with an X chromosome are more viable and can survive longer in the fallopian tube, "waiting" for ovulation. The method has a name demographer Otfried Hatzold. It is believed that this is a method of planning the gender of the unborn child. effective in 80% of cases. To conceive a boy, must have sexual intercourse on the day preceding or coinciding with the date of ovulation. To conceive a girl, must have last sexual intercourse no later than 2-3 days before ovulation.
Planning the gender of the child according to the lunar calendar
More ancient Babylonian texts contained a simple recommendation on how to plan the sex of a child. Modern research confirms its effectiveness: on those days when the Moon is in the female signs of the Zodiac, a girl is conceived (feminine are Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Scorpio, Capricorn and Pisces). When a night beauty swims through male signs - it’s easy to conceive a future warrior (Aries, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Sagittarius and Aquarius are considered masculine signs).
Planning the gender of the child by day of the week
During the Age of Enlightenment, astrologers recommended make love on Monday and Friday, to conceive a girl. After all, these days are controlled feminine Moon and Venus. For male descendants fit this system Thursday and Sunday - days of Jupiter and the Sun. And here Tuesday, Wednesday and Saturday were on the black lists. It was believed that these days it was better to completely forget about the joys of marriage.
Following a special diet. French diet
To conceive a boy
Beverages: tea, coffee, beer, fruit juice, mineral water with soda. (Not recommended: milk, milk drinks, mineral waters with calcium).
Meat: all varieties, sausages.
Bread and cereals: cookies, biscuits, rice, semolina. (Not recommended: bread, pancakes, waffles, confectionery with milk).
Fresh and dry vegetables: potatoes, mushrooms, dry white beans, lentils, dried peas. (Not recommended: green salad, green beans, green beans, raw cabbage, watercress, dill).
Fresh fruits: everything, especially bananas, dates, apricots, oranges, peaches, cherries.
Dried fruits and oilseeds: prunes, dried apricots, dates, dark chocolate. (Not recommended: walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, peanuts, cocoa, milk chocolate). Miscellaneous: salt all food, canned food, yeast as much as possible.
To conceive a girl, you must adhere to the following diet:
Beverages: coffee, tea, chocolate, cocoa, calcium mineral waters (canned fruit juice, Coca-Cola, carbonated drinks are not recommended).
Meat: beef, veal, pork, lamb in limited quantities. (Not recommended: sausages, ham, corned beef, smoked meats, meatballs, roasts). Fish - fresh, frozen. (Not recommended: smoked, dried and salted fish, canned fish in marinade, crustaceans, shrimp oil).
Dairy: milk, cream cheese, cottage cheese. (Not recommended: all cheeses and ice cream). Bread without salt, cookies without salt, homemade cakes without salt and without yeast. (Not recommended: regular bread, regular cookies, industrial confectionery products).
Cereals: rice, semolina. (Not recommended: corn). Vegetables: limited quantities of potatoes, eggplant, asparagus, beets, carrots, champignons, cucumbers, watercress, green beans, lettuce, peas, peppers, onions, boiled tomatoes. (crispy potatoes, canned vegetables, spinach, rhubarb, all types of cabbage, mushrooms, zucchini, raw tomatoes, dried vegetables, white beans, lentils are not recommended).
Dry fruits: unsalted almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts. (Not recommended: figs, raisins, dried apricots, dates, prunes, salted dried fruits).
Fresh fruits: apples, pears, strawberries, raspberries, pineapples, peaches, grapefruits, lemons, watermelon, mango, quince, cherries. (Not recommended: plum, apricot, cherry, banana, orange, currant, melon).
Miscellaneous: sugar, honey, jam, jelly, fresh sour cream, eggs, fragrant herbs. (Not recommended: salt, yeast, soda, gherkins, olives, margarine, salted butter, ketchup.
That is, the appearance male infant is favored by the predominance of potassium and sodium ions- with a lack of calcium and magnesium. For conceiving a girl, against, predominance of calcium and magnesium ions is necessary. Both spouses must follow the chosen diet about a month before expected conception. The average percentage of successful hits is 82%.
Folk methods, signs
Ancient Chinese They were sure that to give birth to a boy, a woman needs to lie with her head to the north during intercourse, and to conceive a girl, to the south.
Hellenes claimed that if partners lie on the right side at the moment of intimacy, this guarantees the birth of a boy, if on the left, then a girl.
During the Middle Ages in Europe men dreaming of a son put an ax under their pillow, and those who wanted to braid their hair were accordingly disarmed.
In Germany It was customary to focus on the weather: if conception occurred during rain, a girl would be born, and if in dry weather, a boy would be born.
Alchemists they looked at procreation more deeply and recommended, before the crucial moment, to drink a mixture of wine and lion’s blood to make a boy.
Ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles argued that the sex of a child depends on the weather - sons are more likely to be conceived in hot weather, daughters are more likely to be conceived in cold weather.
A man can influence the gender of the child if, at the climax of the act of love, he bites his beloved on the ear. For the right - there will be a boy, for the left - a girl.
The more meat, salt and spices the expectant mother eats, the sooner she will give birth to a son. If she indulges in sweets, it’s her daughter.
If you sprinkle sugar on the windowsill on a full moon, a girl will be born, if with salt, a boy will be born.
The first word the baby says determines the gender of the child following him - “Mom” - wait for the little sister, “dad” - wait for the brother.
Definition using a table
Ancient Chinese table determining the sex of a child by the time of conception. The correct result is obtained in 90% of cases.
Numeric method
Age of parents at the time of conception added up, received multiply the amount by 4, and then divide by 3. If the result is divided with a remainder of 2 or without a remainder, That boy. If the remainder is one - girl. There is only an error, if the parents’ birthday is +- month nearby, then the result is 90% correct.
Gender of the child according to signs, signs, beliefs
Urine and milk:
You need to boil equal amounts of urine and fresh milk (preferably from a freshly opened package) if the milk will curdle- will boy, If the milk won't curdle - girl. There is no need to boil for a long time.
According to the shape of the belly:
If the stomach sticks out like a cucumber forward then a woman waiting for the birth of a boy, If the sides are visible from the back, That a girl will be born.
Hair on legs:
The hair on your legs grows more during your pregnancy, it's a boy. Accordingly, if there is no increase in vegetation, it is a girl.
Culinary preferences:
If a woman I want something sweet then she waiting for a girl, A waiting for a boy"pulls" for salty, meat and other serious products.
Mom's beauty:
There is an opinion that a girl “takes away her mother’s beauty,” so if pregnant woman looks prettier, that is pregnancy with a boy.
Toxicosis:
It is believed that toxicosis of the first three months more typical for those who expecting a girl, pregnancy with a boy is easier in the first trimester.
Heartbeat:
If fetal heart rate 140 beats per minute or faster - girl, If less often - girl.
"Bioenergy" methods:
Need to take a needle or a ring of thread(sometimes by a hair's breadth of mom's) and raise above the palm with the needle down. If the needle begins to swing along the palm, Means, it's going to be a girl, If across - boy. Another common variation of this method is to hold the needle over the stomach, and if the needle swings like a pendulum- then there girl, and if in circles- That boy.
Urine color:
If a pregnant woman's urine is bright yellow, it's a boy; if it's dull, light yellow, it's a girl.
Chest:
If the breasts have increased significantly, it is a girl.
Left or right:
If he pushes from the right, then it’s a boy.
If in a dream a pregnant woman felt like a man, then it will be a boy.
Left or right leg:
If you like to put one foot on a platform and are tempted to put your right one, it will be a boy, if your left one, it will be a girl.
Pigmentation on the abdomen:
If strong pigmentation appears on the stomach, then it is definitely a girl.
Belly stripe:
If the stripe on the stomach runs from the right of the navel - a boy, to the left - a girl.
Assistant or domestic helper:
It is believed that if In the family, the man is more active and subject to stress and strain, then it will be boy, and if wife gets tired more: housework, work- will be born girl.
Wars and military conflicts:
It is believed that during periods of war and conflict, more boys are born.
The first (presumable, probable) signs of pregnancy
Cessation (delay) of menstruation;
Nausea (toxicosis), vomiting in the morning;
Changes in appetite (increased appetite, craving for certain foods);
Changes in olfactory sensations;
www.milinda.ru
Multiple pregnancy - Wikipedia
Mechanism
Multiple pregnancies can occur as a result of two mechanisms: the maturation and fertilization of two or more eggs at once, in which case the pregnancy is called fraternal, or the division of a fertilized egg (zygote) into two or more parts shortly after fertilization, in which case the pregnancy is called monozygotic. The time of separation of the zygote is important: the earlier it occurred, the more separated the twins are from each other. For example, if separation occurred from the first to the third day of the zygote's existence, then each twin is surrounded by two membranes and has a separate placenta. With later separation, twins share a placenta, only an amniotic membrane in the septum, or no septum itself. If the separation occurred from the 13th to the 15th day, then this leads to the formation of so-called Siamese twins. Determining during pregnancy which type it belongs to is not possible in all cases. Only the absence of a septum between the twins allows the pregnancy to be accurately classified as identical.
Frequency of occurrence
Multiple pregnancy is an uncommon occurrence in humans, unlike in animals. The likelihood of a multiple pregnancy depends on several natural factors: the age of the mother (increases with increasing age), race (most common in African peoples, least common in Asians) and the presence of multiple pregnancies in relatives. Before the era of assisted reproduction, twins occurred in approximately one case per 80 births, triplets, quadruplets, etc. occurred with a frequency decreasing exponentially - approximately in 1 case in 80?, 80? etc. childbirth accordingly. With the introduction of reproductive technologies, the incidence of multiple pregnancies has increased significantly. The frequency of monozygotic multiple pregnancies remains constant at 4 per 1000 births.
Terminology
In medicine, special terms are used for multiple pregnancies. If there is a common placenta and there is no septum between the twins, then they speak of monochorionic, monoamniotic twins (this type occurs in only 1% of identical twins). If there is a common placenta and septum, then they speak of monochorionic and diamniotic twins. If there are separate placentas, then the twins are called dichorionic and diamniotic.
en.wikipedia.org
Pregnancy test - Wikipedia
Urine examination
Rapid pregnancy tests are widely available, allowing a quick qualitative reaction to the presence of hormonal markers of pregnancy in the urine - the most common reaction is to human chorionic gonadotropin, which begins to be excreted in the urine 12-15 days after fertilization of the egg.
High-quality rapid tests for determining hormonal markers in urine are manufactured in the form of strips or other similar devices. Typically, a short-term contact of such a device with urine is sufficient to conduct a test, after which the result is displayed in the form of an indicator strip, an icon that appears, or other visible markers.
Rapid pregnancy tests are designed to detect the "pregnancy hormone" - human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the urine. It is present in the body of men and women, its concentration is up to 5 mIU/ml. HCG begins to be produced in large quantities by the developing placenta, and the concentration of this hormone constantly increases during the first trimester of pregnancy. The hCG concentration of a pregnant woman 1-2 weeks after conception is about 25-100 mIU/ml. Testing can be carried out at any time of the day. However, the concentration of hCG in morning urine is maximum, so in the early stages of delay it is recommended to test in the morning. Before the test, you must avoid excessive fluid intake and diuretics.
When testing, it is possible to obtain false positive and false negative results.
Possible reasons for a false positive result (the test shows a positive result in the absence of pregnancy):
- taking medications containing hCG;
- a small number of days after the abortion.
Possible reasons for a false negative result (the test shows a negative result if there is pregnancy):
- the test was performed ahead of schedule (especially if the woman has an irregular menstrual cycle);
- pathology of the kidneys and cardiovascular system, which prevents the release of hCG in the urine in normal concentrations;
- large intake of fluids or diuretics before testing.
Accuracy
A systematic review published in 1998 found that pregnancy tests performed at home by experienced people were almost as accurate as laboratory testing (97.4%). However, when it is used by ordinary consumers, accuracy drops to 75%: the reviewers noted that most users did not understand or follow the instructions included in the kit. Improper use can lead to both false negative and false positive results.
In the first three months of pregnancy (first trimester), the fetal organs are formed, and by the end of the 12th week the placenta is fully formed. Through it, the fetus receives nutrients and the final products of metabolism are removed. The duration of human pregnancy is 9 months, or 40 obstetric weeks (counted from the date of the last menstruation). Normally, at the end of pregnancy, labor begins and the baby is born.
Duration
The average length of pregnancy from fertilization to birth is 38 weeks (embryonic period). The average duration of pregnancy from the beginning of the last menstrual period to delivery is 40 weeks (obstetric period). The use of obstetric dates is more common in medicine, since the date of fertilization is usually difficult to determine.
Woman 26 and 40 weeks pregnant
Human intrauterine development is usually divided into two periods: embryonic(germinal) and fetal(fetal). The embryonic period lasts from fertilization to the end of the 8th week of the embryonic period (10th week of the obstetric period). During the embryonic period, fertilization, cleavage (formation of multicellularity), implantation (introduction into the uterus), gastrulation (formation of germ layers), organogenesis (formation of organs), placentation and other processes occur. During the embryonic period, the embryo increases in size from 0.1 mm (fertilized egg) to 3 cm (excluding membranes). Initially, the embryo does not resemble a baby, and only gradually does it acquire features and structure similar to a baby. In the last week of the embryonic period, some embryonic structures disappear (gill arches and gill slits, tail, allantois decreases).
The fetal period lasts from the 11th week of obstetrics until birth. By the beginning of the fetal period, all organ systems of the fetus are formed (development occurs within the framework of the formed systems), externally the fetus resembles a baby, intensive fetal growth and a change in body proportions occur.
The shorter the gestational age, the higher the sensitivity of the embryo and fetus to negative influences. During the embryonic period, the risk of spontaneous abortion is approximately 10 times higher than during the fetal period.
A woman’s pregnancy is usually divided into so-called “trimesters” (periods of three months). Accordingly, they talk about the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Each trimester is characterized by certain obstetric features and risks.
Prenatal diagnosis
At the 28th week for a multiple pregnancy and at the 30th week for a singleton pregnancy, prenatal leave is prescribed and an exchange card is issued, which from this day on you must take with you everywhere.
At 30-34 weeks, a third ultrasound is performed to determine the condition of the fetus and placenta.
After 38 weeks, the pregnancy is considered full-term. Normally, childbirth takes place at the 40th week, although less than 5% of women give birth according to an accurately calculated period, and variability of 2 weeks in both directions is considered normal. Pregnancy lasting more than 42 weeks is considered post-term.
Teen pregnancy
Signs of pregnancy
Doubtful (supposed) signs:
- Nausea and vomiting, especially in the morning, changes in appetite and sense of smell;
- Irritability, lethargy, drowsiness;
- Increased pigmentation (darkening) of facial skin, nipples;
- Frequent urination;
- Engorgement of the mammary glands, increase in abdominal volume.
Probable signs (objective signs determined during examination):
- Lack of menstruation (Amenorrhea);
- The appearance of colostrum;
- Blueness (cyanosis) of the vaginal and cervical mucosa;
- Changes in the shape, volume and consistency of the uterus (during internal examination);
- Enlargement of the uterus (starting from 5 - 6 weeks) first in the anteroposterior size, then in the transverse;
- Detection of fetal parts (arms, legs, head) during external examination.
Complications of pregnancy
Pregnancy does not always go smoothly. Complications include:
- Threat of miscarriage;
- Varicose veins of the lower extremities;
- Varicose veins of the vagina;
- Late toxicoses: nephropathy of pregnancy, preeclampsia and eclampsia;
- Fetal hypoxia;
- Lower back pain;
- Anemia (anemia) in the mother;
- Immunological conflicts and Rhesus conflict between mother and fetus;
- Fetoplacental insufficiency;
A separate type of complicated pregnancy is ectopic pregnancy. In this case, fetal development is impossible, and sooner or later it ends in miscarriage.
In most cases, with timely detection, modern medicine is able to prevent and reduce undesirable consequences to a minimum.
Pregnancy protection
There is currently the possibility of some pregnancy planning. Contraception is protection against unwanted pregnancy.
Prenatal vitamins
During pregnancy, metabolism changes and the functioning of the hormonal system is restructured. With the onset of pregnancy, a woman's need for vitamins and minerals increases. For example, calcium is required one and a half times more than in normal times; zinc, iodine, vitamins B6 and B12 - by an average of 30%; and iron and folic acid - two times.
see also
- Superfetation
- List of the oldest mothers known to science
Notes
Literature
- "Good luck to a successful birth" = "Good luck to a successful birth." - M.
- Kovalenko N.P.Professor, Doctor of Psychological Sciences."Psychoprophylaxis and psychocorrection during pregnancy and childbirth." . - M.
- Kovalenko N.P.Professor, Doctor of Psychological Sciences."Perinatal psychology". - M.
- Kovalenko N.P.Professor, Doctor of Psychological Sciences."Scientific collection on perinatal psychology of the Russian Association of Perinatal Psychology and Medicine from 2001-2008" (annually) edited by N. P. Kovalenko. - M.
- Joanna Stone, Keith Eddleman, Mary Murray. Pregnancy for dummies = Pregnancy For Dummies. - M.: “Dialectics”, 2010. - P. 272. - ISBN 978-5-8459-1690-7
- Katherine Crum, Teri Stuffer Drenth. Physical education during pregnancy for dummies = Fit Pregnancy For Dummies. - M.: “Dialectics”, 2007. - P. 362. - ISBN 0-7645-5829-3
- G. M. Savelyeva, V. I. Kulakov. Obstetrics. - M.: Medicine, 2000. - P. 816. - ISBN 5-225-04549-9
- V.E. Radzinsky. Early pregnancy. - M.: Media Bureau Status Present, 2009. - P. 479. - ISBN 978-5-91785-001-6
Links
- Providing assistance during complicated pregnancy and childbirth
- Care during pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum period, newborn care
- Working with individuals, families and communities to improve maternal and newborn health
| Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period (ICD-10 class XV, O00-O99) | |||||||||
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| Childbirth Pathological preliminary period Primary weakness of labor Secondary weakness of labor Rapid labor Discoordinated labor |
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| Obstetric hemorrhage Premature abruption of the normally located placenta (PNAP) DIC syndrome in obstetrics Amniotic fluid embolism Cuveler's uterus | |||||||||
| Maternal trauma | Perineal lacerations Hematomas Cervical ruptures Uterine rupture Uterine inversion | ||||||||
and newborn
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