Coloring books: what criteria to choose them by. What are parts of speech in Russian? By what criteria are they distinguished? By what criteria are they

A knife, a cutting tool with a short straight blade and handle, has survived all the eras of the formation of Civilization and still remains an indispensable device, without which in other situations “it’s like having no hands.” How to choose a knife and what its working properties depend on will be discussed in this article.

The author does not pretend to be the ultimate truth and does not set himself the task of telling about all the possible subtleties of the device and methods of using knives. However, you will learn from this article about the different shapes and types of knives, their purpose, sharpening products and other important nuances.

Before you start choosing a knife, you should get acquainted with its design features. Let's learn about the main types of knife blades.

What types of knives are there, and what each of them is intended for, will be explained in the video below:

Main types of blades

There is a special family of knives that has a double-edged blade. These are daggers. Their tip is located on the axis of symmetry. In any case, these are weapons and they have no other purpose. There are only five types of other types of blades with one cutting edge.

Normal blade– a straight line of the butt from the heel to the tip. It has another definition - “Scandinavian”, and knives of this type are usually called “finks”. The blades have excellent penetrating abilities; its tip (sting) is thick enough not to break when hitting wood, bone, or sheet iron. Several others are considered examples of this product.
Drop point– the butt line has a slight decrease, due to which the tip is located below the level of the back of the handle, approximately on the axis of the shank. The penetrating ability of this type of blade is even higher, since the point of application of force (the sting) is in line with it. However, the angle of convergence of the tip is less than that of the Finnish. Therefore its strength is less. These include, for example, .
Clip point– the reduction of the butt towards the tip begins from half the length or even after its first third. The knife has a shape close to an awl, it has excellent penetrating properties, but the strength of the tip is low compared to a finka (eg, from Kizlyar).
Bowie- almost the same as a clip point, but the point is slightly turned up. Without losing its penetrating properties, the knife has become more lethal, since during stabbing blows it tends to go upward, expanding the wound channel. The upturned tip is a certain obstacle to penetration into objects that are harder than living flesh (ex.,).
Tanto. Invention of the American company Cold Steel. Its feature is the second straight cutting edge, beveled at an angle of 45 0, which is why the knife looks like a working knife - a shoemaker's or for cutting linoleum. In terms of penetrating properties, the tanto is significantly inferior to the finka, but the roughness of the tip allows the blade to pierce the most stubborn materials. The advantage of the design is that the cutting edges can be sharpened at different angles and get a universal tool. An example of such a knife can be considered,.

We will tell you below what types of cutting edges there are for knives.

Knife cutting edge geometry

Cutting edges and bevels

The cutting edge (RC) can begin to rise to the tip immediately from the heel of the blade, in this case it looks like an awl and is used mainly for cutting fish and separating fillets.
However, a more common design is when the straight line of the RK begins to rise to the tip after the second third of the length. A steeper rise, at an angle of approximately 45 0, with a well-defined rounding, makes the knife convenient for skinning. Specialized skinners may have a convex cutting edge, rounded from the heel to the tip almost along a radius.

Slopes are a change in the thickness of the blade from the butt to the cutting edge. By and large, there are only two types: wedge-shaped and concave.

Wedge-shaped ones can start from the butt or from the middle of the golomen.
The latter have a larger convergence angle, so such knives are more convenient for chopping blows.

Concave bevels make cutting easier on the first pass and are convenient for cutting. Cutting thick pieces with such knives is not very convenient.

Additional blade elements

If the blade has notches in the form of a saw, then it is a serrator that can be used to saw or roughly cut dense materials.
On clip point type blades there is an additional cutting edge on the spine, then the sharpening of the knife is called one-and-a-half sharpening.
The most interesting additional element of the blade is the choil - a hole or recess on the heel of the blade. When using it, you can take the knife close to the center of gravity and perform delicate work with it.

We will tell you below how to choose a knife based on the characteristics of the handle.

Handles

They are made of two dies riveted onto the shank or mounted on it. The latter can be dismountable (fastened to the shank with a nut or wedge) or tightly seated, for which glue or a rivet is used.

The main difference between a knife, which is classified as a bladed weapon, is the stop (guard, bolster) between the handle and the heel of the blade, which does not allow the hand to slide onto the cutting edge during a piercing blow.
Handles are made of wood, birch bark, elastron (rubber-plastic), textolite and other materials, including horns or tusks of mammoths, walruses, if these are national knives.

Now let's find out what steel to choose for a knife.

The video below will tell you about the types of locks and openings for folding knives:

Steel

The vast majority of knives are made from stainless steel. The most commonly used are 65X13 and AUS-8.

65Х13– a domestic brand used in the manufacture of surgical instruments. The letter “X” indicates the presence of chromium in the alloy. Good cutting properties and ease of manual sharpening are noted. With prolonged use in the field, it may become dull (eg knife, from Kizlyar, from Nozhemir).
AUS-8- steel classified as Japanese, used for the manufacture of samurai swords. Has good corrosion resistance. Viscous, so that the cutting edge does not crumble during impacts. High aggressiveness of the cut, the sharpening is moderate, but can be easily corrected with hand abrasive stones. Such steel, for example, is used in knives from Kizlyar.

You will learn about the types of knives and the names of popular products in each category below.

Examples of “correct” products

Now that you have a general idea of the design of the knife, you can start choosing it. So, let's talk about the types of knives (folding, cutting, hunting, throwing, fighting), and how to choose them correctly.

Hunting

There are many opinions on how to choose a good hunting knife. When hunting, you may need to finish off a wounded animal, sand it, and skin the carcass.

The first thing to remember when hunting is that we are not barbarians and it would be nice to keep some decency. Therefore, serrators and other elements that can cause additional suffering to the animal are not allowed on a hunting knife. For the same reason, the length of the blade of a hunting knife cannot be less than 14 cm.

Daggers (eg.) have better penetrating properties, so they are more “humane.” However, they are not very convenient for skinning and cutting up a carcass.
The handle of the knife must be made of a material with good frictional properties and must be equipped with a guard.

An example of a good hunting knife would be the Kizlyar. The Bowie-type blade with a well-defined rounded cutting edge has a length of 160 mm. The thickness of the butt is 4.7 mm. The triggers are concave, the handle is made of elastron, attachable, the assembly is threaded. The guard is metal, with a well-developed lower projection.

Having dealt with hunting knives, we will learn how to choose a product for tourism purposes.

Tourist

This knife has a wide range of uses. It should be convenient for them to carry out work on setting up a bivouac in the forest.

The first requirement for it is to be durable so that, if necessary, it can act as a lever or replace an ax.
The length is not too important, but it is better if the blade is at least ten centimeters. Thick butt, wedge-shaped slopes, handle with well-defined finger rests.
It is better if the handle assembly is non-separable, since various works are necessarily accompanied by vibration, which weakens the threaded fasteners.
Mounted handles made from solid wood are the worst choice, as they can fall apart if hit hard or dropped onto rocks.
It’s a good idea to have a set of additional devices – a serrator, a choil, an additional cutting edge.

A good example of tourist knives are the models “Burbot” (Vityaz), “Field Tactic” (Master K) and “Strix” (Kizlyar).

“ ” – clip point type blade 125 mm long with additional RC (one-and-a-half sharpening). The thickness of the butt is 3.8 mm. The handle is elastron, mounted, with a percussion spike on the pommel.
“Burbot” is a normal blade 115 mm long, butt thickness 3.5 mm. The cutting edge has a wide curve, making it easy to sand with this knife. There is a notch on the butt for resting the toe, and on the lower edge of the heel there is a deep choil. The handle is elastron, with a percussion tang spike on the pommel.
“Field Tactician” is a clip point type blade with a length of 143 mm. There is an additional RC, a recess for a finger on the butt and a choil. The thickness of the butt is 4 mm. The descents are straight. The handle is elastron, snap-on, secured with a hollow rivet. There is a striking spike on the pommel.

We will tell you below how and which ones to choose for cutting folding and non-folding knives.

Cutting

For the most part, these are household knives that should cut well and hold an edge, and they don’t need the ability to do anything else. An ax is added to the camping equipment.

The slopes are straight or concave, the sharpening is wedge-shaped.
The handle can be made from a single piece and mounted on a shank; it does not require well-defined finger rests.

A good option for a cutting knife – the “Fisherman” model – is offered by PP Kizlyar LLC. A wide blade with a concave spine line and an upward pointed tip, 155 mm long. The thickness of the butt is 2.5 mm, the cutting edge is well rounded, there is a choil on the lower edge of the heel and a depression-rest for the finger on the butt. The slopes are concave, the handle is made of wooden dies riveted to the handle. There is a striking protrusion of the shank on the pommel.

When choosing a knife, you should not give in to emotions. Elegance of lines, brutality and other “tricks” do not matter in field conditions. The knife should be sharp, durable, fit well in the hand and not burdensome to carry.

This video will tell you how to choose a knife:

The performance evaluation system allows you to increase its effectiveness. This applies to both an individual organization and society as a whole. It largely depends on the behavior of the person carrying it out.

It can be both effective and ineffective, which affects the success of the job. For example, in trading activities, sales growth can be considered a positive result, and in management activities, the coordinated and organized work of the entire team.

What is the criterion in assessment?

But in order to assess the quality of any employee’s performance, it is necessary to find out by what criteria the assessment will be made. criterion? In terms, this is a characteristic of a particular activity, which, according to experts, constitutes a certain “standard”. To achieve the goals of both the individual and the entire organization, this standard must be achieved.

Classification of evaluation criteria

We have found out what a criterion is, now let’s try to figure out on what basis they are grouped. Depending on the breadth of activity, highly specialized and corporate criteria are distinguished. If the latter must be met by all employees or members of society without exception, then specialized ones are important only for a specific or specific workplace.

Based on the subject of assessment, a distinction is made between quantitative and qualitative criteria. What is a quantitative criterion? Its meaning is extremely clear: based on the results achieved, one can judge the timeliness and volume of completion of the assigned tasks. Qualitative criteria are somewhat more complicated. These include, first of all, the quality of the work done, which is often more important than quantity. It can also include the individual characteristics of an employee, determined using special tests, scales, and questionnaires. Communication skills, initiative, and emotional stability will be of great importance for successfully achieving the desired results.

Analysis criteria: an outside view

You can often hear that the most reliable information is provided by objective assessment criteria. They exist in almost any activity according to standards, averages, but sometimes achievements are assessed subjectively. What is a criterion of this kind? This is an assessment indicator based on an authoritative opinion “from the outside.” For example, the correctness of an employee’s behavior can be assessed using the subjective opinion of his colleagues or direct management.

Finally, the criteria are divided into simple and integral. Using the same above-mentioned subjective indicators, you can obtain information about the quality of work of any employee, his behavior in the team, the level of conflict or other characteristics. Such criteria are considered simple. If one indicator combines information about various aspects of activity, we can talk about an integral assessment. In other words, the integral criterion is a set of simple ones.

First, let's find out what a criterion is. Why is this term used in educational institutions? Everything is very simple. In order to determine the effectiveness of work, some indicators are needed. These variables are recognized as norms. In accordance with them, the assessment of schoolchildren’s work is carried out. They are the criteria by which a comprehensive assessment of the knowledge of graduates of modern educational institutions is carried out.

Features of testing the Russian language exam

While at the senior level of education, schoolchildren study the Unified State Examination criteria in order to receive the maximum number of points in the final examinations. Each subject included in the Federal Curriculum has its own codifiers. Based on them, teachers evaluate students’ knowledge.

Peculiarities of criteria in other subjects

Recently, an increasing number of children are choosing chemistry and biology. The reason for its popularity is the increased prestige of the profession of a medical worker and pharmacist. The examination material is offered in three parts: A, B, C. The Unified State Examination criteria for each block are different. The primary score is also different.

The first part implies only one correct answer. In the second you need to find several options. The third does not require ready-made answers. The student copes with it independently. The student receives the maximum number of points for part “C”. Special criteria have been developed for this. For example, when completing task C1, the student receives 1-2 points for each action. Ultimately (if the solution is correct) you can get 3 points.

Criteria for assessing Unified State Examination tasks in the Russian language

The basis of the test is the criterion. Its definition depends on the scope of the term. In pedagogy we are talking about the criteria by which schoolchildren’s test work is evaluated. The task itself consists of “cells” (units) in which the content of a given academic discipline fits. Experts determine the content compatibility of tests. When selecting tasks in the Russian language, a system of criteria is used:

Measures of difficulty of questions for subjects are taken into account. It makes no sense to include 2-3 tasks of a similar level of difficulty in one test.
Measures of correlation of schoolchildren's answers to a separate task with the sums of the subjects' scores on all tests. It is by this indicator that the suitability of questions is determined.

When developing tests, such Russian language assessment criteria as multiple regression and factor analysis are also used.

Algorithm for compiling exam tests

Before the test items appear on the exam forms, they are asked to be solved by a group of volunteers. Then statistical processing of the results obtained is carried out. Experts conclude that it is advisable to include such tasks in the final Unified State Examination papers for graduates of secondary schools. If necessary, adjustments are made to the questions and answers. And only after that they are included in the final tests.

Quality criteria for assignments

So what is the criterion? Each task has a differentiating ability. This is a property by which the level of knowledge of the subjects is determined. With an increase in the differentiating ability of tasks in the Russian language, the maximum division of graduates into well and poorly prepared ones is carried out. Acceptable test results are considered to be those obtained on a specific target group and meet the classical criteria of effectiveness and quality:

Correct response profile for all subjects.
Known standard errors of measurement.
Stability of test question parameters in different samples of subjects.

Features of the test part of the Unified State Exam in Russian

The creators of the tests came up with certain language criteria. We are not talking about any element of creativity. The test part, consisting of problems and examples, must be solved efficiently and quickly. This is done so that there is time left to complete creative tasks. When the developers of innovations came up with the criteria for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, they were guided by the average school student. And for talented and gifted graduates, the first part of the final exam can hardly be called interesting. With the help of testing, it is difficult to identify a child’s intellectual abilities and ability to think outside the box.

Essay in the Unified State Examination

This part would have been invented to assess the creative potential of graduates. This is a very important component. What is the essay evaluation criterion? Both students and their mentors are trying to find an answer to this question, but so far without success. Essays are checked by teachers, so it is difficult to exclude subjectivity. The success of writing depends on the complexity of the text chosen for work. While studying the Russian language, children learn to understand the structure of what is written, immerse themselves in it, and play out the situation described by the author. Teachers complain that for part “C” you can get an unreasonably small number of points, which is clearly not enough to determine the creative potential of graduates.

What is the essay evaluation criterion? When writing it, the student may make some mistakes. According to the Unified State Examination criteria, with one speech error and 5-6 spelling errors, the graduate receives 18 points out of a maximum possible 20. In order to cope with Part “A” with “excellence”, 1-2 errors are allowed. After the points that graduates received on the unified state exam were no longer converted into grades, the criteria for checking work in the Russian language also changed. Previously, medalists were in the “risk group”. They should have received an "excellent" mark. Now they just need to score the minimum number of points established by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, that is, pass the “threshold”. Teachers complain that this approach has led to the emergence of “fake medalists” who demonstrate from 36 to 42 points in the Russian language on the Unified State Examination.

Conclusion

Numerous criteria created to evaluate examination papers in subjects included in the mandatory minimum program are established separately for each academic discipline. Their developers took into account the complexity of the course, the theoretical and practical parts, and the need to test various skills. At the same time, we note that not a single educational program used in modern schools is suitable for preparing children to successfully pass the final exam in the form of the Unified State Exam. The Russian language test is suitable for testing the knowledge of children in physics and mathematics. But it is not acceptable for schoolchildren with a humanitarian orientation, since it does not fully reveal their talent and creative potential.

Coloring books are an integral and inevitable part of “Soviet” childhood. They were fun and educational for our parents and grandparents. Many of us had them on our nursery shelves. But our children have different interests. According to teachers and psychologists, it is in vain. Why does your child need coloring books, and how to choose them correctly?

Useful - and nice

Let's list the reasons to buy your child a coloring book as early as possible - and buy it regularly until school age (and then we'll see).

Coloring - especially small details of a drawing - stimulates fine motor skills. If earlier girls embroidered, boys sawed and burned, now these activities are not at all popular. In addition, children's creativity in most cases implies the presence and supervision of an adult. Everything is easier with coloring books. A child who colored a lot and in a variety of ways in childhood writes beautifully, quickly types text on the keyboard, is neat without effort, and loves to “create” with his hands.
Coloring requires concentration: the child, noticing it himself, gets used to concentrating on details.
Coloring books are the first strategic thinking trainer, yes, yes! After all, you need to determine where (with what detail of the picture) to start - and why, what details to leave for last, what colors to use - and therefore, what pencils or felt-tip pens to prepare before starting coloring. The child, without thinking much about the mechanics and methodology of the process, plans his time and calculates his strength.
Coloring requires perseverance: a rare coloring can be done in color in 2 minutes - and the result is unlikely to be something your mother can brag about later.
High-quality coloring is an instillation of good taste, an element of the aesthetic education of a child. He thinks about what colors combine or conflict with each other, why the artist added certain details - how they affect the plot and the overall perception of the drawing.
Many coloring books include an educational component: this can be a “direct” inclusion - for example, copybooks or examples, or it can be “indirect” - if the coloring reflects something that the child does not know, parents have a chance to unobtrusively tell him about it.
Coloring, as a monotonous activity that does not require mental work, is an excellent psychological relief: it is not for nothing that “anti-stress” coloring books for adults have become so popular.

How to choose a good coloring book for your child

The main rule is to take into account age. A coloring page with a lot of complex details, unclear characters or plot will only scare the child and not invite him to collaborate. A simple coloring book with cartoon characters in the spirit of Peppa Pig or Smeshariki will seem too “childish” to a 6-year-old child. Well, you understand.

Consider floor child. We are against gender stereotypes, but children themselves often insist on them: boys are drawn to coloring books with cars and robots, and choose coloring books with fairies, flowers, and fairy-tale scenes.

Remember interests child. If you want to arouse in him an irresistible desire to urgently color your gift, give coloring books on topics that “catch” the baby - with his favorite characters, reflecting the plots of works familiar to him (cartoons, fairy tales, films, video games), hinting at his hobbies, and finally, causing the envy of his friends (why isn’t it a motivation to paint beautifully?).

Pay attention to quality paper. The better it is, the denser and lighter the sheets, the more contrasting the contours of the coloring look on them, the more pleasant it will be for the child to deal with it.

Alternate formats coloring pages, make this type of leisure activity varied for your child. There are coloring pages:

classic - which are convenient to color with pencils;
with large pictures and the absence of small details - these are pleasant to paint with watercolors or gouache;
anti-stress (for older children) - the details in them are so small that it is most convenient to use felt-tip pens for coloring;
water coloring - to “color” the drawing, you need to evenly cover it with a thin layer of water;
coloring books with stickers - allow the child not only to color the picture, but also to use his imagination and add a piece of himself;
creative coloring with additional drawing - the authors of such coloring books offer to finish the drawing, enrich it with their own, author’s details;
educational coloring books - with elements of copybooks (“circle and color”), with examples (“count how many you get and color with the appropriate color”);
electronic coloring applications - for tablets and smartphones.

How to teach a child to color correctly

Do not force your child to color - it is better to lead by example, show pleasure in the process.
Let them color a little at a time: this process is a serious strain on the eyes, and your hands get tired. Why turn pleasure into torture?
Watch your child's seat and posture while coloring.
Pay attention to the position of the pencil in your hand - otherwise it will be difficult to retrain your child at school, and handwriting will suffer.
Hang your finished “masterpieces” for everyone to see and show them off to your relatives and friends. You can even arrange an exhibition of the works of a young “colorist”. The child must see that you value and respect his work and be proud of his successes.

Tires play a very important role in every car. The entire process of operating the machine will depend on how well they correspond to the load capacity, speed limit, road surface and what quality they are. After all, what is the advantage of a powerful engine if the wheels spin idle on ice?
The main criteria for choosing a good tire are to comply with the following rules:
1.The tire lasts a long time.
2. The tire does not cause any noise when driving.
3.The tire allows you to reduce fuel consumption.
4. The car has a short braking distance.
5. The car reliably holds the chosen direction, it has excellent handling on different surfaces.
6.Due to the softness of the tire, the car goes through various bumps on the road much easier, with maximum comfort for passengers.
7.The lighter the tire, the more smooth the ride.
Each specific tire has its own characteristics. It manifests itself in the combination of various design features and tread patterns. The quality of the mixture from which the rubber will be made also plays a special role here. Based on these indicators, all passenger car tires can be divided into two classes.
The first class is based on the method of sealing (meaning the sealant of the internal volume). This classification feature provides for the division of tires into tubed and tubeless. Tube ones consist of a tire and a tube, with a built-in valve. To prevent wrinkling when inflated, the tube size is always smaller than the inner surface of the tire. There is a valve on the tire to force air into the tire. In terms of design, it is similar to a check valve. Therefore, the air that enters the tire cannot escape back.
Tubeless tires are characterized by the presence of an airtight rubber layer. This layer replaces the inner tube and is attached to the inner layer of the tire casing. Tubeless tires are distinguished by the following indicators: lower weight, ease of repair caused by a puncture, improved driving safety, because When punctured, air comes out only from the resulting cavity. However, tubeless tires also have their disadvantages, mainly related to the area of use. Firstly, they are installed only on wheels with a special type of rim. Secondly, the wheel seam must be highly sealed. Thirdly, there should be “hamps” on the landing flanges of the rims. These are special toroidal protrusions that serve to prevent spontaneous tire slippage during dangerous situations on the road.
The second class is the division of tires according to the location of the cord threads. So tires can be of diagonal or radial design. In the first version, the cord threads intersect at a certain angle with each other. This intersection occurs in the adjacent layers of tire carcass fabric. The number of such layers is usually 4.
In radial tires, such threads do not intersect. They are located parallel from one edge to the other. This technological solution made it possible to reduce rolling resistance on the road, increase performance characteristics and increase the service life of the tires.
Thus, we can say that the best option is tubeless tires with a radial cord arrangement.