Ultrasound uterus: how to make, prepare and decipher the results. Decryption of ultrasound ultrasonic diagnostics of uterine pregnancy

The introduction of an ultrasound method made it possible to significantly expand the diagnostic capabilities in modern gynecology. The requirements for its conduct, in particular, ultrasound of the uterus increased with distribution. In the course of numerous studies and observations of the testimony and the possibilities of this method, it was possible to significantly expand.

Existing research techniques are quite simple and have no contraindications.

Methods

The term of pregnancy, weeks	Length, mm.	Width, mm.	Standing height of the bottom of the uterus, see
8	71-82	42-53	8
10	92-103	55-64	9
12	111-123	65-74	11
16	135-145	76-85	14
18	171-182	92-102	17
20	191-203	113-121	19
22	208-215	122-141	22-23
24	220-231	139-158	23-25
26	245-252	159-172	25-27
28	271-279	179-182	27-30
30	302-312	180-193	27-31
32	318-324	192-201	30-32
34	331-342	198-207	31-35
36	338-345	211-224	32-36
38	351-363	228-241	35-38
40	372-381	247-261	33-37

Uzi ovarian

The study of appendages is usually carried out in a complex of examination of the women's reproductive system. Preliminary preparation for ultrasound ovaries is not specific and described in the section "How to prepare for ultrasound of the uterus."

When choosing a research method, preference should be given, since when a transabdominal study, the visualization of the ovaries is not always possible.

With regards to the timing of diagnostics, ultrasound of the uterus and ovaries is slightly different.

The first cycle phase is considered to be the optimal period, it is also possible to make diagnostics in the middle of the cycle (, control of the ovulatory process). If the study is carried out in the second phase of the cycle, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of visualizing the follicular cyst, which can be false for true cysts.

Therefore, so that the decoding of the ultrasound is not erroneous, it should be rented in the first half of the cycle.

Examination of the ovaries make either in preventive purposes during the passage of the gynecological examination, or with suspected any pathology

Sizes of ovarian

It has already been indicated that the ovarian ultrasound in women can be carried out by any of the menstrual cycle presented by the method. The dimensions of the appendages are in a large range and depend on the age of the patient, anamnesis, the day of the menstrual cycle, the reception of oral contraceptives.

Externally, the ovaries have a oval form, smooth clear contours, the internal structure is significantly variable depending on the cycle phase. Follicles can be determined from 2-4 years of age in girls, their number also changes with age.

The annual volume is calculated by the formula:
V \u003d a * b * c * 0,5, where
a, b, c - length, width, thickness in centimeters, 0.5 - coefficient.

Girls

The size of the ovaries in the younger age is the following:

In the reproductive period

In postmenopause

It should be borne in mind that the ovaries must be equal to the onset of menarh and during the menopause, and an increase in the volume of one of the ovary more than twice as compared with the second testifies to malignancy and requires a more detailed examination.

Decoding ultrasound results

The ultrasound method has expanded the non-invasive possibilities for the diagnosis of most diseases of the female reproductive system.

Properly conducted study and correctly executed conclusion carry out comprehensive information on the reproductive system.

The volume of detectable pathology is extremely large, so consider the main ultrasound criteria for diagnostics.

The reasons for such a disease can be inflammatory diseases of the genital organs, adenomyosis, uterine, abortion, or genetic predisposition

Increase the uterus

In addition to previously discussed physiological reasons for increasing the size of the uterus, there are a number of reasons for its pathological increase:

In this case, a slight increase in the uterus occurs, an ectopic fetopic egg is visualized.

Such a method of examination is the only method for determining ectopic pregnancy

It is almost always accompanied by an increase in the size of the uterus due to the rounded heteroehogenic formations of myometrium.
The ultrasound has a similar picture with the Moma, however, the nodes more often have reduced echogenicity and cystic components in the structure of the node.
Internal endometriosis is characterized by an increase in the front-length size, the uneven wall thickness, the presence of hyperheogenic education in myometry.
Miometric hyperplasia only in running cases leads to an increase in the linear dimensions of the uterus.

Reducing the size of the uterus or its absence

Status after operational removal of the uterus
Aplasia or hypoplace
Volume formation of small pelvis, which lead to the displacement of the uterus or atrophic processes in it.

An increase in the impudations

The ovaries may increase while maintaining the internal structure, as well as with its impairment:

Multipollicular ovaries. Bilateral increase due to numerous follicles (on the background of hormonal dysfunction).
Polycystic. More often a bilateral pathological process, ultrasound does not show the change in the structure of the appendages throughout the entire cycle.
Endometriosis. This disease is difficult to diagnose the ultrasound method, the process is more often bilateral.

Gynecological disease. It can cause the formation of ovarian cysts, menstrual disorders and even infertility

Ofhorit. The inflammatory process more often covers both appendages, echoism decreases, and the form is approaching the spherical.
The ovarian pregnancy is a rare pathology, is one-sided.
Twist the appendage - a sharp one-sided process, an ultrasonic picture of nonspecific. Laparoscopic reduction is required with subsequent operational treatment.
Tumors. All volumetric processes, both benign and malignant nature, lead to a one-sided reliable increase in the volume of the appendage. Ultrasonic picture heterogeneous.

The lack of ovarian visualization can be observed after the operational removal of the organ with one or both of the two sides, with agenesia or aplasia. In a transabdominal study, the difficulties of visualization are often associated with insufficient urinary bubble filling.

A large number of gynecological pathology requires the active use of modern diagnostic methods, including an ultrasound method, at all stages of diagnosis and treatment.

All three types of ultrasound ultrasounds are absolutely safe. The basis of each method is the impact on the body with sound waves, which do not represent any threat to the body. In addition, such a study has high informativeness. That is why gynecology doctors often prescribe ultrasound ultrasound. Having made such a procedure, you will get the most complete picture of the state of the internal organs.

Ultrasound uterus during pregnancy

Ultrasound examination is used as a means to recognize the proposed pregnancy. The procedure allows not only to determine the state of the fetus, but also to identify possible violations in the work of the reproductive system of women. For regular monitoring of pregnancy, ultrasound is also appointed. The uterus during pregnancy is examined to determine possible anomalies and disorders of functioning. Sonologist's doctor determines the location of the organ, its size, shape, condition of the mucous membrane. Based on this information, the conclusion of the gynecologist on the state of the fetus and the future mother is formed.

With the greatest accuracy, determining the term of pregnancy and the date of delivery allows you to ultrasound. The uterus during pregnancy and the state of her muscles make it possible to identify a possible threat of miscarriage and pathology. Thanks to the procedure, the possibility of natural delivery and the correction of probable diseases has been determined after birth. If the ultrasound signals the possible pathologies, the inspection of the uterus and appendages is additionally assigned.

Ultrasound research is included in the list of mandatory procedures used while waiting for the child. Ultrasound of the uterus and the assessment of the state of the fetus are appointed during periods of 10-12, 18-24 and 28-32 weeks of pregnancy. Such accuracy is necessary to obtain the most reliable information. Ultrasound uterus makes it possible to effectively assess the state of the development of pregnancy.

Prices for ultrasound

You can make ultrasound uterus in both the private and state clinic. Choosing a medical center, you need to pay attention to the presence in the state of the Sonolog doctor, the class of equipment used and the location of the institution. It is these factors that form the cost of the service. Thanks to the procedure, you will receive an exhaustive idea of \u200b\u200bthe state of the reproductive system. On our portal you can sign up for ultrasound uterus, appendages and ovaries online - choose the optimal price and convenient clinic location.

It is recognized as the most informative and absolutely safe method of monitoring pregnancy. This procedure allows for a period of 5 weeks - the doctors see the formated egg, and in 6 weeks - a full-fledged embryo.

Timing

During the entire period of the baby tooling, a woman is given three times the passage of ultrasound research in accurately agreed periods:

10-14 weeks;
20-24 weeks;
30-34 weeks.

Despite the fact that the safety of ultrasound is confirmed, gynecologists do not recommend "to get involved" by this procedure - it is advisable to undergo it no more than 4 times for the entire period of pregnancy, although additional visits to the ultrasound diagnostics can be appointed.

What shows an ultrasound during early pregnancy

Women can spend two types of ultrasound:

Transabdominal. In this case, the patient should prepare for the procedure - 30 minutes before it starts, it is necessary to use about the water half-liter (non-carbonated) and not attend the toilet. That is, the procedure of ultrasound is carried out with a bladder filled with a bladder.
. This type of survey is carried out without any preliminary preparation, the bladder must be empty. The sensor from the ultrasound apparatus is introduced into the vagina, a special case or a condom with applied gel is put on it.

The procedure of ultrasound study in 1 trimester of pregnancy lasts a maximum of 30 minutes, the doctor does all the necessary measurements, fixes the data obtained in the protocol - this document will help the gynecologist determine how normally proceeds the pregnancy and whether the fetus develops correctly.

The diagnostic procedure under consideration in the first trimester of pregnancy is carried out for:

the definitions of the location of the fetal egg can develop a normal pregnancy, and maybe the formation / fixation of the fetal egg in phallopy tubes;
diagnosis of multiple pregnancy, Elutes doctor sees only the bottom of a fetal egg, then a diagnosis of one-bed pregnancy is diagnosed;
estimation of the structure of the embryo, the sizes of the fetal egg;
detection of pregnancy problems - for example, a specialist will pay attention to, can diagnose a reversible or irreversible spontaneous abortion or.

In addition, an ultrasound study in the early periods of pregnancy allows not only to fix the fact of conception, but also to identify various diseases of the internal genital organs - for example, it is precisely with the help of an ultrasound, tumor formations in the ovaries are most often diagnosed, partitions inside the uterus or the counyism of this hollow organ.

Decryption of ultrasound 1 trimester: norms and deviations

Ultrasound diagnostics of uterine pregnancy

If an ultrasound study is conducting a specialist in early pregnancy, it can be seen in the upper part of the uterus, and it looks like oval (in some cases - rounded) dark spot. If the pregnancy is multiple, then the doctor, accordingly, will see two / three and so on such dark spots.

The transabdominal view of the study under consideration allows you to establish the offensive of uterine pregnancy at the earlier period - 5 weeks, when the lack of menstruation from the presumptive period starts about 14 days. On this period, the size of the fetal egg will be at least 5 mm in diameter.

Transvaginal ultrasound examination of the uterus is more informative - to confirm the fact of pregnancy, the doctor may and for a period of 4 weeks, that is, after 6 days of menstruation delay. The diameter of the fetal egg will in this case will be 3 mm in diameter, which corresponds to the norm.

As for the imbrons of the embryo, then with a transabdominal ultrasound, this can be done on a period of 6 weeks, with a transvaginal - 5 weeks, and, and it will look like an embryo in the form of a white spot in the cavity of the dark education. Listen to clear reductions in the heart (beating) of the embryo on a period of 6 weeks.

If a woman has a normal menstrual cycle, then there are no familiar delays or early offensive, the transvaginal ultrasound can be carried out in 6 weeks of pregnancy. Such a survey does not relate to the "mandatory program" and is carried out only at the request of the patient. If the menstrual cycle has a non-permanent nature and period of menstruation delay, it is impossible to determine exactly, the presumptive period of pregnancy puts a ultrasound doctor.

How to estimate the size and growth of the fruit egg / embryo

These data are installed in two indicators:

copcchikovo-parmer size;
the average inner diameter of the fruit egg.

For a specific period of pregnancy, there are established indicators (conventional, of course) of the average internal diameter of the fetal eggs, which are made to the ultrasound program. This data automatically establishes an almost accurate period of pregnancy, but an error is allowed for 6 days to the side and reduction.

Under the term "Copshuxy-Dumpless Size" implies the length of the body of the embryo from the head to the tailbone, and this indicator is measured first. It is for this size that you can more accurately establish a period of pregnancy - the error is only 3 days.

Note: If the average internal diameter of the fetal egg is 14 mm, but the doctor cannot visualize the embryo, then the specialists will talk about pregnancy, which stopped the development.

The principle of evaluating the life of the fetus and embryo

Heartbeat and motor activity are the main indicators that allow the specialist to estimate the vital activity of the embryo.

If a transvaginal ultrasonic study is carried out, then for a period of 6 weeks the doctor sees the beat of the heart of the embryo. If it is within the normal range, the clear rhythm of abbreviations will be marked, but for each period of pregnancy they have their frequency:

6-8 weeks - 130-140 beats per minute;
9-10 weeks - 190 beats per minute;
all time before childbirth - 140-160 beats per minute.

The heart rate should be measured at mandatory, as it is this indicator that allows specialists to identify problems with the baby tooling. For example, if the heart rate is raised sharply or reduced, the doctors will make a woman in a risk group for pregnancy.

Note: If ultrasound confirmed that the length of the embryo on the detergent-dark size is 8 mm, but cardiac abbreviations are not determined, the specialist may suspect undeveloped pregnancy. In this case, a re-study is carried out after 7 days and only after that they put the final diagnosis.

As for the motion activity of the embryo - it can be seen already on 7-9 weeks of pregnancy. First, the embryo simply moves with all the body (chaotic), a little later, already the types of flexion and extension of the body. Doctors know perfectly well that the embryo is very often resting and therefore the indicator of motor activity cannot be the main criterion in assessing its livelihoods.

Evaluation of the embryo structure

The doctor should pay special attention to the structure of the Fetal (anatomy) of the fetus when conducting an ultrasound study in 1 trimester of pregnancy. For example, for a period of 12 weeks, a specialist can diagnose the pathology of the fetus that will not be compatible with life - for example, the hernia of the spinal cord, the absence of a brain, improper development of the skeleton.

The specialist will definitely evaluate the collar space and determine its thickness - according to this indicator it will be possible to identify the disease of the fruit of chromosomal nature. It is allowed to increase the collar space by 3 mm, and here large indicators will indicate the presence of chromosomal pathology in 80% of cases.

Modern medicine has the ultrasound equipment of the last generation, which gives the opportunity already in 12 weeks of pregnancy to diagnose anomalies in the structure of all systems and organs of the future child. Such an accurate diagnosis gives parents to make a choice - leave pregnancy or interrupt in medical records.

Study of extra-immabrional structures

When conducting an ultrasound study in 1 trimester, a specialist will study the gusty pouch, amnion and chorion, and their assessment is required.

Yellow bag - The structure performing important functions is hematopoietic and nutritious, and throughout the entire period of pregnancy. It is possible to determine this bag already in 5 weeks of pregnancy, by 10 weeks its size reaches 7 mm, and after 12 weeks of pregnancy, even with ultrasound research, determine / identify / evaluate the state of the yolk bag is not possible - this is the norm.

Doctors have long noted a direct connection between the sizes of the yolk bag and the result of pregnancy. The fact is that the wrong sizes of the bag, changes in its form and walls in most cases are accompanied by an embryo growth delay.

Chorion.- This is a fetal egg shell, which consists of villi. Its size (thickness) is equal to the period of pregnancy in weeks, but this rule "works" only in the first trimester. If there are underdevelopment or changes in the chorion structure, the fetal death can be accurately predicted. The fact is that the chorion villi is very tightly attached in the uterine cavity and if the structure is changed, it is simply impossible to "catch" the vile - the miscarriages begin.

Amnion - This is an aqueous shell, a bag in which the embryo is surrounded by oily-free waters. Conducted the type of study in the early periods of pregnancy allows a specialist to identify a small diameter of the amniotic cavity, and it will talk about its underdevelopment, which always leads to problems with the development of pregnancy. But the increase in the size will indicate the presence of an intrauterine infection.

Detection of pregnancy complications

In 1 trimester of pregnancy, most often, of all possible pathologies, the threat of interrupt is diagnosed. Moreover, it is through the examination of the examination that the doctor may diagnose this pathological state at the very beginning of its development - the walls of the uterus will be thickened. Women are very often feeling, as this state is accompanied. If the diagnosis took place, the doctors conduct a therapeutic treatment that is designed to preserve pregnancy. But if a detachment of a fetal egg occurred, a woman has from the vagina, then the diagnosis of the "started spontaneous abortion" will be diagnosed.

Important! If the miscarriage has already taken place, then the patient necessarily conduct an ultrasound study to determine whether the remains of the fetal egg remained in the uterus. And if such residues are revealed, the woman is sent to the scraping procedure.

With the help of the study in the early pregnancy, the doctor may diagnose:

Yellow Body cyst. This is a fairly frequently found education, which will be characterized by the presence of thick walls, and its structure will be assessed as heterogeneous - in principle, this is considered the norm. The yellow body cyst is prone to independent absorption and by the end of the first trimester completely disappears.
Bubble drift. Such a complication is detected extremely rare - 1 case by 2,000 - 3,000 pregnant women. A very dangerous state, which is characterized by the pathological defeat of Chorion. Bubble skid always leads to the death of the fetus, as the chorion turns into grapple-shaped formations that destroy the fruit egg.

Ultrasound examination in the first trimester of pregnancy allows you to identify any pathological changes in the fetal egg and embryo - for example, on the period of pregnancy 12 weeks the doctor can diagnose the child with a lip and other facial flavors. The problem is that the type of study in the early periods of pregnancy is carried out exclusively at the request of a woman and therefore early identifying problems with the fruit, when it is still possible to make a decision on the expediency of its toaling, not always possible.

Ultrasound during pregnancy It is a priority diagnostic method, which is due primarily to the lack of ionizing radiation and the possibility of dynamic observation of pregnant women and its baby. Depending on the course of pregnancy and its term, ultrasound solves different tasks. Ultrasound uterus and fetus Allows you to diagnose pregnancy in the earliest period, prenagel diagnostics, study the anatomical features of the fetus and its condition. In addition, a folliculosis, dopplerometry of the vessels of the uterian-placental complex, dopplerometry of the vessels of the uterine-placental complex is diagnosed, are diagnosed with diseases of the uterus and ovaries, other small pelvis organs are investigated.

Many years of experience confirms that high informativeness, non-invasiveness, safety, the possibility of using throughout the pregnancy, including in early time, makes ultrasound research methods indispensable in obstetrics. I would like to mention psychological comfort, because in our center you can observe the entire process of research on the patient's monitor screen. The use of three-dimensional echography (3D and 4D) and comments of highly qualified specialists help the patient easier to navigate in the results of the obtained volume image.

Currently, on the recommendations of WHO and developed on this basis, the order No. 572N of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of November 1, 2012. There are three required Ultrasound Pregnancy for weeks: In terms of 11 to 14, from 18 to 21 and from 30 to 34 weeks of pregnancy, together with Vessel Dopplerometry.

Uzi during pregnancy in the city of Bor in the clinic "Warranty"

Our clinic ultrasound is performed in modern, absolutely safe medical equipment. We can also offer our patients. photo Ultrasound Pregnancy In memory of the period of having a child.

Ultrasound of pregnancy in early time - 11-14 weeks (first screening)

First ultrasound during pregnancy Allows you to see the doctor's pathology.

The establishment of the fact of uterine pregnancy based on the visualization of the fruit egg with the embryo or without it in the uterine cavity.
Measurement of the inner diameter of the fetal egg, the cocchico-darkness of the embryo and the establishment of a possible period of pregnancy on this basis.
Determining the number of embryos.
Evaluation of the Embryos (registration of cardiac activity, motor activity).
The determination of the localization of chorion (from the second trimester of pregnancy, this structure of the fetal egg is transformed as a result of its development in a placenta) and assessing its condition.
The study of extraehambrium formations to which, in addition to chorion, belongs a yoler bag, an amniotic sheath and cavity.
The study of the anatomy of the embryo / fetus, identification of markers (characteristic signs) of chromosomal pathology.
Assessment of the state of the internal zea cervix.
Visualization of the uterus and its appendages.

Sometimes Ultrasound in early pregnancy Appointed until the 10th week.

Indications for carrying out ultrasound up to 10 weeks of pregnancy

The presence of tumor formations of uterus and / or ovaries and suspicion of their presence.
Suspected ectopic pregnancy.
The inconsistency of the magnitude of the uterus determined by a two-way study, the period of pregnancy established on the first day of the last menstruation.
The presence of intrauterine contraceptive and pregnancy.
Trauma and intoxication in pregnant women.
The need for biopsy (production of tissue for study) of chorion.
Heated obstetric and gynecological history (miscarriages and other complications in the early periods of pregnancy, anomalies of the embryo development at previous pregnancies, etc.).

Remember that only the doctor may appoint terms of ultrasound during pregnancy. Do not independently be recorded on this study for the sake of personal interest.

Ultrasound in 18-21 weeks of pregnancy (second screening)

Determination of the amount of fruits, their position and preview.
Measurement of basic fetometric indicators (sizes) of the fetus and determination of their compliance with the term of pregnancy.
The study of the ultrasonic anatomy of the fetus (identification of the majority of the determined echographic defects), as well as the uterus and its appendages.
Assessment of the amount of octic flooded water, localization, thickness and structure of the placenta.

On this date Ultrasound of pregnancy floor The child is determined by 90-100%.

Ultrasound in 30-34 weeks of pregnancy (third screening)

Evaluation of the functional state of the fetus (diagnostics of the intrauterine delay in the growth of the fetus, circulatory disorders in the system of the mother-placenta-fruit system with the help of dopplerometry).
Determination of the position and prevention of the fetus.
Detection of malfunctions of development with late manifestation (echographic signs of which can be identified in late pregnancy).
Determination of the amount of accumulating waters, localization and placenta structure.

Evaluation of the size of the fetus is an important stage of diagnosing its state, obtained by measuring the value and comparing it with average indicators for this period of pregnancy. These average sizes were obtained as a result of numerous studies and entered into the appropriate tables and memory of ultrasound scanners. Of course, each person is individual, therefore, in the same pregnancy, the biometric parameters of fruits may differ. However, only the doctor can evaluate which deviations of the measured parameters relate to pathological and require additional surveys and treatment. To clarify the state of the fetus, the doctor may appoint additional research, such as Dopplerometry and cardiotocography.

Indications for Dopplerometric Research

Doppler ultrasound during pregnancy Appointed many women. Research Indications:

Diseases of pregnant women: Gestosis, pathological gain of body weight, an increase in blood pressure, the appearance of protein in the urine, hypertension, hypotension, kidney disease, systemic vascular diseases, diabetes.
Disorders of the Fetal State (delay of intrauterine growth of the fetus, discrepancy between the fetus size of the pregnancy), lowland, premature maturation of the placenta.
Multiple pregnancy.
Heated obstetric-gynecological history (growth delay, chronic hypoxia, pre-preceding pregnancies).
Running pregnancy.

A dopplerometric study allows us to objectively judge the state of the uterine-placental and fruit circulation, the normal parameters of which in most cases are the key to the successful course of pregnancy. Usually, the dopplerometry is prescribed in the second half of the II and III-M trimester , as ultrasound pregnancy trimesters Play an important role in obtaining reliable results. When impaired blood flow, after appropriate treatment, a control doplertometric examination is prescribed to assess the effectiveness of the therapy.

Indications for cardiotokography

Haded obstetric history: perinatal losses, delay of intrauterine fetal growth, premature genera, etc.
Pregnant diseases: hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, systemic diseases of connective tissue and vessels.
Complications of pregnancy: rezv-immunization, prestal.
Multiple pregnancy.
Running pregnancy.
Reducing the activity of the fetus marked by a pregnant woman.
Delay of intrauterine growth of the fetus.
Major.
Premature ripening placenta.
Congenital malformations of fetus, compatible with life.
Dynamic study with unsatisfactory results of cardiotocograms.
Circulatory disorders in the mother-placental-fruit system according to the results of Dopplerometry.

Cardiotokographic study (CTG) during pregnancy is most often appointed from 32 weeks (in some cases from 28-weeks). The special device is designed to register the heart rate frequencies and its instantaneous changes, as well as the tone of the uterine and the movements of the fetus. The purpose of the study is to identify the signs of hypoxia of the fetus (oxygen "starvation") and evaluation of its severity.

During the ultrasound during pregnancy, it is also possible to estimate:

The state of the cervix.

During pregnancy, the length of the cervix changes in proportion to its term and is usually 3 cm. In the norm internal and outer zev should be closed. Approaching the date of birth cervix smoothed. If she smoothes primarily, the question arises about the exhaustic-cervical insufficiency, which, as a rule, requires the imposition of seams on the neck.

The state of myometry of the uterus.

The spasm of a smooth musculature or a hypertonus of the uterus manifests itself on an ultrasound of the thickening of the body of the uterus in one way or another of it. Increased hypertonus on ultrasound examination is considered the norm in the last trimester, as the uterus "trains" before childbirth, if it is strained and stomach and this state is progressing, they are talking about the possible threat of pregnancy interrupt.

The number and structure of water.

Malotion at the end of pregnancy can be due to "migration". In the early time, Major can occur when the placenta function is violated, the infectious process.

Multi-way is found both in physiological (normally occurring pregnancy) and in pathological conditions, such as the anomalies of the development of the fetus, infection, reserves - conflicts. In addition, the multi-formation is found in multiple pregnancy, large fruit or, as already mentioned, is an individual feature.

Muddy waters or suspension are far from always talking about the infectious process. After the 30th week, this may be due to the "melting" of your baby, the skin changes, and the particles of the old epithelium give the waters a turbid structure.

The deposition of calcium salts (calcinates) can occur during the study in late dates, which is an option for the norm.

The presence of infarction placenta.

The infarction of the placenta is the term that is used in the presence of sections in the placenta with missing blood circulation. It is an option for the norm if it is detected in about one week before delivery. In earlier deadlines, a large area of \u200b\u200bheart attack can lead to a delay in the development of the fetus due to fetoplacentage insufficiency.

Ultrasound during pregnancy: preparation

Special training before carrying out ultrasound is not required. Ultrasound during pregnancy is carried out with a moderately filled bladder.

It should be noted that with complicated pregnancy, ultrasound research can be carried out on any period. Indications for conducting an ultrasound study and other additional methods for assessing the state of the fetus determines the doctor.

The interpretation of ultrasound testimony is carried out by two specialists - a doctor who conducts an ultrasound study, and the leading gynecologist. The ultrasound physician issues a conclusion with a prescribed period of pregnancy and information about the existing pathologies of the development of the fetus or absence. The gynecologist is evaluating the degree of pathologies and decides what to do pregnant further.

What should ultrasound during pregnancy

Conducting ultrasound analysis is caused by the need to study the child in the womb on its pathologies or their absence.

Ultrasound in early term It is carried out to establish pregnancy and its term, quantity of fruit eggs. Such a study is useful in that it can identify an ectopic pregnancy - a dangerous state that requires immediate intervention of doctors, up to surgical methods. If, with the help of ultrasound, this pathology will be detected in the initial periods, pregnant women have the opportunity to avoid surgical intervention.

At the stage first screening (11-13 weeks) The walls of the uterus are studied, the uterus itself and its appendages are studied, and the following growth rates of the embryo are considered:

chorion - he contributes to the development of the placenta;
the checker bag is an important component for the development of the embryo.

In subsequent dates of ultrasound Helps to identify existing pathologies, such as the threat of miscarriage ,. It is timely diagnosis of deviations that helps to eliminate them and avoid subsequent complications.

With the second screening A number of indicators are studied, which will then need to be decrypted:

the uterus, uterine pipes and the state of the ovaries are considered;
fetometry is carried out, with which the dimensions of individual parts of the fetus are set and their compliance with pregnancy timing is estimated;
the state of the organs binding a child with the mother (placenta, umbilical umbilical) is studied, the structure of the arrogant water is estimated;
analyzed the state of the internal organs of the child.

On this ultrasound, some pathologies can be traced, such as low or too low placenta attachment. Thanks to the ultrasound, you can install both curable and incurable fetal vices.

Third screening It is carried out for the following purposes:

identifying serious malformations of the fetus, which in the early periods cannot be detected;
determination of the prevention of the fetus (berium or head);
determining the body weight of the child;
risk assessment of the irregular brain formation;
survey on the subject;
evaluation of the fetal heartbeat - rapid or rare;
estimation of fetal growth;
assessment of the risk of developing heart defects in the fetus.

On the ultrasound in the third trimester you can already watch light kids and their readiness for work in the usual environment in the event of premature birth. With the last screening, a lot of attention is paid to the skull, such deviations are tracked like wolf fall, hunger lip, etc.

On the eve of the childbirth ultrasound Allows you to learn some nuances that can be important for the generation process itself. In particular, only thanks to the ultrasound, it is possible to see the accuracy with 100% accuracy, and this is a very important aspect in the generic process, because it can become a threat to the health of the baby and for his life.

Some pregnant are prescribed Ultrasound more often laid. Such pregnant women belong to those who have available: diabetes, blood disease and lymph, a negative rhesus factor.

Deciphering of the ultrasound of the fruit

Already starting from 11 weeks of pregnancy, the detection of fruit pathologies is allowed. In Russia, two main standard protocols are defined by data decoding.

These studies are conducted on 11-13 weeks of pregnancy and on July 19-22. In order to more accurately decipher the data, you need to know the rules of the development of the fetus at different stages of the to wear.

At this time, a detailed inspection of the collar fruit zone is carried out - a plot between fabrics and skin in the neck area. The thickness of the collar zone is denoted by the abbreviation of the TVP. Normally, the TVP should not exceed 2.7 mm.

The nasal bone is another parameter that is investigated at this time. Normally, the bone should be visualized.

Another indicator that is measured at this stage is the CTR (Copchiko-Dummer Fruit Size).

For kid at 11 - 13 week of the norm is considered the CTR within 45-80 mm.

In addition to the CTR, the doctor assesses the biparity and frontal-occipital size of the fetus. The first is the distance from one head of the head to another and normally is up to 28 mm. The second is the distance from the frontal to the occipital bone - normally does not exceed 31 mm.

* The percentile is the term descriptive statistics. The average value is indicated in the column "50th percentile", in the columns "5th percent" and "95th percentile" - the minimum and maximum allowable values, respectively.

Separately, the doctor assesses the diameter of the fetal egg ...

... and calculates the heart rate (heart rate).

If the indicators do not meet the norm, pregnant is recommended to take advice to genetics and additional examination.

Second screening of fruit

The fetal developmentals in the second trimester are shown in the table:

If there are any changes in these indicators, you can assume deviations in the development of a child in the womb. By the way, with the second screening, the fruit is visible significantly better than at the first, therefore the doctor can judge not only about genetic deviations, but also about other vices (they are recorded separately in the survey protocol).

As part of the third screening, such kids parameters as height, weight, biparic size of the head, thigh and chest length are evaluated. The norms of the listed parameters are described in the table above. Below are normal indicators of BPD and LZR.

During 3 screening, the doctor evaluates the state of the placenta, the degree of its maturity and thickness. The placenta is a link between mom and her child. It remains for the whole term of pregnancy. It exists in order to feed the child with the necessary useful substances.

IAU norms (amniotic fluid index)

Fruit size for weeks of pregnancy

Each trimester is conducted in their study and are made their measurements. Interpretation of ultrasound performance helps to set the size of the child at the time of its development.

Below is a table of the size and weight of the fetus for weeks. It is worth saying that the testimony is average may differ from reality. This is especially true of the last months of pregnancy.

The newborn can be born with a weighing of 2300 grams, and can be born with a weighing of 4500 grams. And in that, and in another case, it can be absolutely healthy.

Term in weeks	Growth to see	Weight in gr
	6-9	11-16
	9-11	16-21
	10-12	20-30
	12-14	30-50
	14-16	50-75
	16-18	75-115
	18-20	115-160
	20-22	160-215
	22-24	215-270
	24-26	270-350
	26-28	350-410
	28-30	410-500
	30-32	500-600
	32-34	600-750
	34-36	750-850
	36-37,5	850-1000
	37-39,5	1000-1200
	38-40	1200-1350
	39-40	1350-1500
	40-41	1500-1650
	41-42,5	1650-1800
	43-44,5	1800-1950
	44,5-45	1950-2100
	44,5-46	2100-2250
	46-46,5	2250-2500
	46,5-48	2500-2600
	48-49	2600-2800
	49-50	2800-3000
	50-51	3000-3200
	51-54	3200-3500

Ultrasound examination of the placenta

The ultrasound placenta determines its size, echostructure, development.

When the placenta can be hyperotsed:

during detachment;

with rhesus conflict;

when the embryo is water;

easy thickening can be observed in women with diabetes mellitus;

if the pregnant disease has undergone an infectious disease during the tooling process.

The placenta has the same functions as the human body - it is intended to be born, mature and fade. All these moments are absolutely natural. But if it happens, it is a pathology.

Exists 3 degrees of maturity placenta:

I. The degree of maturity. Up to 30 weeks of pregnancy, the placenta is on the zero degree of maturity. At this time it increases in size, dodged the baby with all the useful elements. The structure is normal homogeneous, smooth. After 30 weeks on the placenta, specknakes and waves may appear, which are talking about the start of the maturation of the placenta. If the appearance of these signs is detected earlier, then such a process is called the "premature aging of the placenta." In some cases, prescribed drug treatment to women. The first degree should last up to 34 weeks.

II. The degree of maturity. This degree from 34 to 37 week occurs. It looks like more embossed, wavy, on ultrasound shows a echostructure with specks. If the second degree indicate an early period than 34 weeks, then you will need to pass more detailed diagnosis and CTG fetus. All tests in general will show if there are any pathology of the fetus. If the child suffers hypoxy, then an outpatient treatment can be prescribed.

III The degree of maturity. This degree is set already at diligent pregnancy. The placenta is preparing for childbirth and its functions are reduced, its natural aging occurs. Along the surface there are large waves and salts deposition.

If the placenta does not correspond to its term, then the risk of premature birth arises.

Ultrasound Pupovina Futal

Between the placenta and the embryo passes the umbilical cord, which binds them among themselves. With ultrasound examination, the number of vessels in the umbilical cord is determined, their condition, structure.

Pupovina has two artery and one vein that feed the fruit. Vienna saturates the fruit of oxygen, and the arteries serve as a conclusion of recycled products.

The length of the umbilical cord should be at least 40 cm.

Ultrasound allows you to see a campus cord, if any. Establishing a honest is not the reason for cesarean section.

Ultrasonic survey of arrogant water

In the ultrasound process, an amniotic index is calculated, which indicates the amount of water. The index is measured according to a specific scheme:

the uterus is divided by two perpendicular stripes, one goes along the navel line, the other longitudinally;

in each sector, measurements are made of free distances between the fruit and the wall of the uterus;

indicators are summed up.

Normal values \u200b\u200bat 28 week will be Ai 12-20 cm. Increased value can talk about multi-ways, lowering indicators, respectively, about lowland.

* The percentile is the term descriptive statistics. The average value is indicated in the column "50th percentile", in the remaining columns - the minimum and maximum allowable values, respectively.

In any case, then or another deviation indicates disorders in the blood supply to the placenta.

Ultrasound uterus during pregnancy. The magnitude of the uterus for weeks of pregnancy

When carrying out ultrasound, its size is measured, its appearance is examined for the presence of myomatous nodes, the muscle tone, the thickness of the uterus walls is measured.

Before pregnancy, the thickness of the walls of the uterus is 4-5 cm, by the end of the pregnancy, the uterus is stretched, its walls become thinner and make up about 0.5-2 cm.

The norm of the cervical length is 3.5-4.5 cm.

Marianna Artemova, obstetrician gynecologist, especially for website